Microscopic Key to the Staining Species of Lyophyllum
Macroscopic Key to the Staining Species of Lyophyllum
The group of fungi considered here are considered to share a common molecular ancestry and in Dictionary of the Fungi 10th Edition (2008) include 6 of the 8 genera(1) in the family Lyophyllaceae. They include
Lyophyllum and Calocybe species have siderophilous granules in the basidia. The term siderophilous means that the granules darken when heated in acetocarmine, (the same as carminophilous). This is not a practical test for non-specialists but has been used to help organize the taxonomy of related species, and molecular data confirm its usefulness (Hofstetter et al.). This group of five genera also share inamyloid spores without a germ pore, white to pale cream spore deposit, and (for most species) clamp connections.
The genus Lyophyllum has not had a complete treatment in North America, but the staining species were studied by Heinz Clémençon (1982) and by Heinz Clémençon and Alexander H. Smith (1983). The first was a study of type specimens, and the second a key to North American staining species with descriptions of 25 new species. Various reports of individual non-staining species in the Pacific Northwest have appeared, but more undoubtedly occur.
The microscopic key to the staining Lyophyllum species is formed by including from the original key by Clémençon and Smith only the species recorded from the Pacific Northwest. The macroscopic key is more speculative and is based on elements of the descriptions rather than on detailed field work.
All key-based identifications should be checked against the description of the identified species. If staining collections key out to a given species but do not fit the description well, the original Clémençon and Smith key for North America should be consulted. Some of the other species in their key probably occur in the Pacific Northwest as well.
Hofstetter et al.(2002) point out that a subgroup of the species are parasitic. Tephrocybe palustris grows on Sphagnum. Tephrocybe tylicolor grows on mosses and is thought to be an ammonia fungus. Two other fungi thought to be closely related by ancestry are also parasites: Hypsizygus is a tree pathogen, Asterophora is a fungal parasite, and Calocybe constricta (not recorded from the Pacific Northwest) is often found in fertilized fields. This implied to Hofstetter et al. that these species need nitrates supplied either externally or through parasitism.
Hofstetter et al. found molecular evidence that the species treated here that they studied fell into four groups by ancestry: One included Calocybe carnea, C. fallax, other Calocybe species, and some brightly colored species of Lyophyllum. The second group (which have free gills unlike other groups) includes Tephrocybe rancidum and members of the ant-associated Termitomyces genus (the latter not recorded from the Pacific Northwest). The third group includes all the parasitic species they studied, discussed in the paragraph above. The fourth group includes Lyophyllum decastes and some blackening species including Lyophyllum semitale. The same groups appear in the molecular work of Moncalvo et al.(2002) with the addition of Ossicaulis lignatilis to the parasitic group. The genera included in our key also appear together in the molecular grouping "Lyophyllaceae" in Matheny et al.(2006). Name changes within the grouping will need to be made in future. Hofstetter et al. conclude, "this study suggests that both taxonomy and nomenclature of the traditional Lyophylleae needs to be revised to reflect a more natural classification system".
Since that time, Tephrocybe tylicolor was moved to Sagaranella tylicolor (Fr.) V. Hofst., Clemencon, Moncalvo & Redhead, and Tephrocybe palustris was moved to Sphagnurus paluster (Peck) Redhead & V. Hofst., apparently following up on the Hofstetter et al. recommendation.
1. The other two are Termitomyces and Blastosporella; Lyophyllopsis is indicated as "? Lyophyllaceae", Podabrella is given as a synonym of Termitomyces and Tricholomella as a synonym of Calocybe.
1a Spores punctate-rough, finely warted, or spiny
................................................................................L. scabrisporum
1b Spores smooth
................................................................................2
2a Adaxial spore face rhomboidal, supra-apicular plane or depression usually well-developed
................................................................................L. geminum
2b Adaxial spore face round to elliptic, with round or pointed base but not rhomboidal
................................................................................3
3a Superficial hyphae of stipe frequently agglutinated into massive, erect fascicles; pileipellis 30-60 um thick, gelatinous, with erect, isolated, clustered or intertwisted hairs
................................................................................4
3b Superficial hyphae of stipe different; when arranged in erect groups or tufts, then not intertwisted and pileipellis not gelatinous
................................................................................6
4a Pileus densely covered with erect, complex knots of braided hyphae
................................................................................L. furfurellum
4b Pileus without such knots
................................................................................5
5a Pileipellis with a few scattered, cylindrical, short and inconspicuous hairs
................................................................................L. stenosporum
5b Pileipellis with separated, dense clusters of small, repent to erect, contorted, clavate, irregular hairs with colorless or brown walls
................................................................................L. investitum
6a (3b) Pileus hygrophanous, margin striatulate when wet; spores asymmetrically ovate in side view, thickest towards the apicular end, thinner at the apex, dimensions in the range 6.2-8.7 x 4.3-5.9 um, Q = 1.3-1.8; pileipellis an ixocutis, 30-45 um thick; basidia 25-35 um long
................................................................................7
6b Pileus not hygrophanous or margin not striatulate when wet or spores of different shape or pileipellis not gelatinous or thicker than 45 um, or basidia longer than 35 um
................................................................................8
7a Odor distinctly of potatoes, pileus dark fuliginous except at margin, fading to grayish brown, surface uneven and pitted
................................................................................L. conoideospermum
7b Odor not distinct, pileus very pale watery gray with pallid margin, pallid overall when faded, surface smooth
................................................................................L. pallidum
8a (6b) Odor strongly disagreeable rancid-farinaceous; stipe canescent over a pale blue-gray surface by long, cylindrical-wavy hairs, and hollow; basidia 36-40 x 7-8 um; ixocutis 60-80 um thick
................................................................................L. canescentipes
8b Odor not strongly disagreeable rancid farinaceous or stipe not canescent or stipe not hollow or basidia of different dimensions, or ixocutis 60-80 um thick not present
................................................................................9
9a Odor spermatic, Inocybe-like; pileus 1-2.5 cm broad, very cartilaginous; spores short-ellipsoidal without supra-apicular depression, 5.7-8.0 x 4.7-5.5 um, Q = 1.2-1.6; pileipellis gelatinous
................................................................................L. chondrocephalum
9b Odor not spermatic; pileus larger
................................................................................10
10a Odor of green corn; spores spherical to short-ellipsoidal: all of the following criteria apply simultaneously to at least 90% of the spores of a preparation: Q=1-1.45, difference between spore-length and width at most 2 um, supra-apicular depression absent
................................................................................L. leptosarx
10b Odors various or not distinct; spores elongate-ellipsoidal, frequently asymmetrical: at least one of the following criteria applies to at least half of the spores of a preparation: either Q greater than 1.45, or difference between spore length and width over 2 um, or spores with a supra-apicular depression
................................................................................11
11a Stipe naked, even under the gills; odor farinaceous-rancid; cap 2.5-4 cm broad, hygrophanous, dark fuliginous, thin; gills adnate, subdistant; spores 6.5-8.7 x 3.5-5.3 um, with rounded base, without supra-apicular depression; basidia 27-33 um long; marginal cells hyphoid, 3-6 um broad, scattered to rare
................................................................................12
11b Not all the characters simultaneously present; stipe covered with some hairs or even a tomentum, at least below the gills
................................................................................13
12a Pileipellis not gelatinous, hyphae 2-4 um thick, smooth, colorless, radially arranged, covered with a few interwoven hyphae 5-8 um wide and with brown incrusting pigments and with numerous colorless, smooth, contorted or ramified, erect, 2-3 um broad hairs
................................................................................L. fistulosum
12b Pileipellis gelatinous, superficial hyphae 2 to 3 um broad and smooth; hairs rare, scattered, inconspicuous
................................................................................L. gracile
13a (11b) Cap margin translucent-striate; stipe hollow, pruinose at apex; spores with a pointed apicular base, 6.7-9.3 x 3.3-5.0 um, Q = 1.6-2.2
................................................................................L. semitale
13b Other combination of characters, spore base round
................................................................................14
14a Pileipellis not gelatinous
................................................................................L. chamaeleon
14b Pileipellis gelatinous
................................................................................15
15a Odor and taste not distinct
................................................................................L. piceum
15b Odor farinaceous
................................................................................16
16a Basidia 37-42 um long; hyphae of pileipellis interwoven
................................................................................L. lubricum
16b Basidia 29-36 um long
................................................................................17
17a Cap with erect, cylindrical to slightly irregular hairs, 30-40 x 3-4 um
................................................................................L. acutipes
17b Cap without erect hairs
................................................................................L. solidipes
1a Tricholomatoid stature, dry cap with center pallid to dingy gray and margin pallid, cap becoming blackish where bruised, pale ashy gray flesh that becomes darker where bruised, close, pale olive gray gills that stain bluish and finally black, pallid fibrillose stipe that is darker where handled or when old, faint disagreeable odor, somewhat cespitose growth, (spores punctate-rough, finely warted or spiny)
................................................................................L. scabrisporum
1b Not as above
................................................................................2
2a Fresh cap dark sooty, lubricous, and bald, gills broad gray becoming blackish where bruised or when old, stipe whitish gray darkening where bruised and appressed-fibrillose at first, odor faintly farinaceous, growth cespitose
................................................................................L. furfurellum
2b Adaxial spore face round to elliptic, with round or pointed base but not rhomboidal
................................................................................3
3a Odor of potatoes
................................................................................L. conoideospermum
3b Odor farinaceous, spermatic, green corn, or mild
................................................................................4
4a Spermatic or green corn odor
................................................................................5
4b Farinaceous or mild odor
................................................................................6
5a Green corn odor, flesh thin, stains blue and finally black
................................................................................L. leptosarx
5b Green corn odor, flesh slowly gray when bruised
................................................................................L. geminum var. olens
5c Spermatic odor, cap cartilaginous, all parts stain directly black
................................................................................L. chondrocephalum
6a (4b) Farinaceous odor
................................................................................7
6b Mild odor
................................................................................14
7a Cap hygrophanous, gray brown to dark brown, moist to buttery, margin translucent-striate, gills pallid or grayish, stem pruinose at apex, often in mountains
................................................................................L. semitale
7b Not with this combination of characters
................................................................................8
8a Cap dark sooty-gray, when broken cap staining immediately bluish gray to black, pale gray gills, stem hoary over a pale blue-gray surface
................................................................................L. canescentipes
8b Not with this combination of characters
................................................................................9
9a Stem solid when mature
................................................................................10
9b Stem hollow or stuffed with pith when mature
................................................................................11
10a Cap pale gray to blackish, (with erect, cylindrical to slightly irregular hairs, 30-40 x 3-4 um)
................................................................................L. acutipes
10b Cap buffy brown to olive brown, (without erect hairs)
................................................................................L. solidipes
11a (9b) Cap flesh not changing in color when cut, gills staining bluish gray when cut or bruised
................................................................................L. gracile
11b Cap flesh changing in color when cut, gills staining various colors when cut or bruised
................................................................................12
12a Pileipellis Gills staining yellowish then bluish
................................................................................L. chamaeleon
12b Gills staining black
................................................................................13
13a Cap 4-7 cm broad, stipe 6-11 cm x 1.0-1.6 cm at top, narrowing down to pointed, somewhat rooting base, stuffed becoming hollow, pallid soon darkening and dingy, innately fibrillose often lacerating into scales that become cinnamon buff
................................................................................L. lubricum
13b Cap 2.5-4 cm broad, stipe 2-5 cm x 0.4-1.0 cm, hollow, wavy and compressed or grooved, fragile, pale dingy gray (blackening when old), bald
................................................................................L. fistulosum
14a (6b) Gills somewhat decurrent, caps medium to dark gray (fuliginous or sooty) when moist
................................................................................15
14b Gills adnate, caps pale gray or drab when moist
................................................................................16
15a Flesh staining blackish
................................................................................L. piceum
15b Odor farinaceous
................................................................................L. stenosporum
16a (14b) Cap drab when moist, stem surface pallid from thin hoary coating
................................................................................L. investitum
16b Cap pale gray when moist, hoary coating on stem not recorded
................................................................................17
17a Cap lubricous to viscid when wet, flesh turning bluish gray, stem surface not discoloring noticeably when bruised, (spores elliptic 6.2-7.4(8.5) x 4.5-5.2(6.5) um)
................................................................................L. pallidum
17b Cap moist, flesh turning gray, stem surface whitish becoming gray where handled, (spores fusoid-ventricose 8.8-11.6 x 4.1-6.2 um)
................................................................................L. geminum var. geminum
Asterophora lycoperdoides powder-cap
Calocybe carnea pink Calocybe
CAP 0.5-2(4) cm, convex, umbonate; hygrophanous, yellow to orange-yellow or orange yellow-brown; bald but becoming mealy under a hand lens, to wrinkled; flesh yellow. ODOR faint. TASTE mild. GILLS adnexed to adnate, crowded, narrow to broad, light yellow to brownish yellow. STIPE 1.7-3.7 cm x 0.1-0.4 cm, equal, solid; yellow to yellow-orange, base orange-brown to red-brown; bald or sometimes coated with white to light yellow fibrils, top pruinose, base covered with white felt-like mycelium. FRUITING in forests and alpine habitats. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 3-5 x 2-3 um, elliptic, smooth, inamyloid; cystidia none, clamps present. REMARK The online Species Fungorum, accessed August 16, 2019 gave the current name as Calocybe naucoria (Mirrull) Singer., but MycoBank, accessed the same day, gave the current name as Calocybe fallax.
Hypsizygus tessellatus
(= Hypsizygus marmoreus(Peck) H.E. Bigelow; Hypsizygus elongatipes (Peck) H.E. Bigelow)
CAP 3-8 cm, hygrophanous, pale gray-brown becoming blackish, fading to sordid pale gray where not blackened; bald, lubricous; flesh thin, pliant, cartilaginous, darkening where bruised. GILLS adnate becoming adnexed, close, 3 tiers of subgills, narrow but broad in large caps, dingy gray when young, black-spotted when old. STIPE 5-8 cm x 0.8-1.6 cm, narrowed downward to pointed base, solid; whitish varying to grayish white, darkening where handled or bruised; dry, unpolished. ODOR farinaceous. TASTE slightly farinaceous. FRUITING type gregarious in moss under pine. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.2-8.5 x 4.2-4.8 um.
CAP 4-10 cm, dark sooty-gray drying dirty gray, staining immediately bluish gray to black when broken; bald; flesh stains bluish gray to black immediately when broken. GILLS adnate, close to subdistant, moderately broad; pale gray. STIPE 4-8 cm x 0.5-1.1 cm, hollow, canescent over a pale blue-grey surface, scarcely darkening below. ODOR and TASTE strongly disagreeable farinaceous. FRUITING clustered to gregarious on soil. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.9-9.1 x 4.7-6.4 um. REMARKS Other listed staining Lyophyllum species with hoary stems lack the unpleasant farinaceous odor.
CAP 3-4.5 cm, hygrophanous, near blackish brown to clove brown when moist, slowly fading to olive brown or grayer; moist, bald, margin slightly pubescent (downy) at first, rigid-cartilaginous because of thick cuticle; flesh pallid grayish, slowly staining gray or darker when cut. GILLS pale when young, becoming drab, broadly adnate-subdecurrent, close, narrow, staining yellowish and then bluish. STIPE 6-10 cm x 1.0-1.5 cm, narrowing downward sometimes, stuffed; whitish-gray, soon dingy gray where handled; silky-fibrillose to unpolished, more or less longitudinally striate. ODOR and TASTE farinaceous. FRUITING type cespitose under pine. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.1-8.8 x 3.5-4.4 um.
CAP 1-2.5 cm, hygrophanous, dark fuliginous (sooty) to blackish when moist fading to dingy yellowish gray, blackening where cut or bruised; moist, bald; flesh thin and pliant. GILLS somewhat adnexed, subdistant, broad; drab or nearly so when young, glaucous, blackening when bruised. STIPE 2-3 cm x 0.4-0.8 cm at top, widened downward, often compressed, hollow; colored as cap or paler, blackening with injury; thin coating of grayish, silky fibrils giving a canescent somewhat pruinose appearance at first, bald when old. ODOR spermatic. TASTE disagreeable. FRUITING type was cespitose along an old road on soil. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 5.7-8.0 x 4.7-5.5 um.
CAP 9 cm across, hygrophanous, dark sooty except margin watery gray, fading to sordid grayish brown; moist, bald; flesh thin, cartilaginous, gray, changing to bluish gray when cut or bruised. GILLS broadly adnate to subdecurrent, moderately close, 3 tiers of subgills, gills broad, broadest in middle; pale drab staining blackish, edges staining blackish. STIPE 13 cm x 1.5 cm, stuffed; pale gray; bald or long-striate. ODOR distinctly of potatoes. TASTE slightly disagreeable to mild. FRUITING type single to gregarious on humus. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.0-8.7 x 4.3-5.9 um.
Lyophyllum decastes (= Lyophyllum aggregatum) fried chicken mushroom
CAP 2.5-4 cm; hygrophanous, dark sooty color, fading gradually to dingy brown; moist, bald, margin opaque; flesh thin, cartilaginous, watery sooty and slowly staining black. GILLS adnate, subdistant, broad; dingy gray, paler than cap, edges soon staining black where bruised. STIPE 2-5 cm x 0.4-1.0 cm, hollow, wavy and compressed or grooved, fragile; colored as gills, blackening when old; bald, not pruinose at top. ODOR and TASTE disagreeable, somewhat farinaceous. FRUITING type cespitose on soil. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.5-8.7 x 4.1-5.3 um, elliptic to slightly oval in face view.
CAP 3-9cm, hygrophanous, dark sooty color, fading to dark dingy gray with cinnamon buff tinge at least over disc; lubricous when moist, bald; flesh thin, cartilaginous (from rigid cuticle), sooty then pallid, darkening at least slightly where bruised. GILLS broadly adnate to subdecurrent becoming adnexed or seceding, moderately close, 3 tiers of subgills, gills broad; pallid dingy ash gray, becoming blackish where bruised or when old. STIPE 3-8cm x (0.6)0.8-1.5cm, more or less equal, hollow; whitish gray at first, darkening when bruised; appressed-fibrillose to lacerate-fibrillose, becoming more or less bald. ODOR faintly farinaceous. TASTE mild. FRUITING type was cespitose under pine on soil. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.8-9.8 x 3.8-4.6 um, oval to elliptic.
CAP 3-6 cm across, hygrophanous, pale smoky gray, fading to pale alutaceous; moist, bald; flesh thin, pliant, pallid, slowly staining gray when bruised. GILLS broadly adnate, close to subdistant, broad; whitish, edges staining grayish. STIPE 3-4 cm x 0.8-1.2 cm at top, equal to narrowly club-shaped; whitish becoming gray where handled; bald. ODOR not distinct, although var. olens from Michigan has a green corn odor. TASTE not distinct. FRUITING type of var. geminum was single to scattered on sandy soil. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 8.8-11.6 x 4.1-6.2 um, broadly fusoid-ventricose. REMARKS Lyophyllum pallidum is another staining Lyophyllum that is hygrophanous pale gray, but it has elliptic spores.
CAP 2.5-3 cm across, hygrophanous, disc dark sooty, margin buffy brown, cap fading to dingy grayish brown; moist, bald, faintly striate on extreme margin; flesh thin, colored as surface, no color change on bruising or cutting. GILLS bluntly adnate to depressed-adnate, subdistant, 0.5-0.8 cm broad, ventricose; pallid becoming only slightly darker but staining bluish gray when cut or bruised. STIPE 3-5 cm x 0.35-0.5 cm, equal down to tapered, somewhat rooting base, solid or with slight tubule; pallid watery gray in upper part, darker in lower part; at first bald with a few appressed silvery fibrils near base, when old appearing fibrous-striate. ODOR and TASTE rancid-farinaceous. FRUITING type closely gregarious on soil under conifers in mixed woods. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.8-8.6 x 3.5-5.0 um, elliptic to ovoid.
CAP 3-4.5 cm across, evenly drab when moist, fading to ash-gray; lubricous, bald, margin faintly striate; flesh 0.2-0.3 cm thick, equal, watery, becoming dingy gray when bruised. GILLS horizontal, subdistant, 2 tiers of subgills, gills about 0.5 cm broad; ash-gray, edges darkening to dingy gray when bruised. STIPE 5-8 cm x 0.4-0.7 cm at top, hollow, fragile, bases arising in large numbers from a common origin, not arising from one point and not attached to a fleshy mass; pallid from a thin hoary coating, pallid grayish at maturity. ODOR and TASTE mild. FRUITING type cespitose under larch and pine. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.7-9.5 x 4.0-5.6 um, oval with narrower base or elliptic.
CAP 1-4 cm across, hygrophanous, pale sooty to sooty brown, streaked with grayish pallid in fading; moist, obscurely translucent-striate before fading; flesh thin, staining blue and finally black when injured. GILLS adnate, close, broad; pallid grayish brown, becoming near olive buff, spotted blackish when old. STIPE 2-3.5 cm x 0.3-1.0 cm, hollow, fragile; colored as cap margin, darkening to olive brown from base up; bald. ODOR strong of green corn. TASTE mild. FRUITING cespitose to scattered on soil. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 5.4-7.2 x 4.5-5.9 um, short-elliptic. REMARKS Lyophyllum geminum var. olens from Michigan and L. luteogriseascens Clemencon & A.H. Sm. from Michigan (with creamy white cap and gills that stain yellow to gray when bruised) both have green corn odor; L. chondrocephalum has spermatic odor.
Lyophyllum loricatum frosty Lyophyllum
CAP 4-7 cm across, hygrophanous, dark to light watery gray soon becoming dark sooty, fading to grayish; lubricous but not viscid; flesh gray-brown to dingy gray, watery gray when moist, staining black when old or where bruised. GILLS rounded adnate to narrowly adnexed, seceding, close to subdistant, about 1 cm broad near stem; pale gray, staining black. STIPE 6-11 cm x 1.0-1.6 cm at top, narrowing down to pointed somewhat rooting base, stuffed becoming hollow; pallid soon darkening and dingy; innately fibrillose often lacerating into scales that become cinnamon buff. ODOR and TASTE farinaceous. FRUITING type gregarious on soil under conifers. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.8-9.2 x 3.5-4.7 um, elliptic to slightly oval.
CAP 3-6 cm across, hygrophanous, pale watery gray on disc, pallid on margin, fading to pallid overall; lubricous to viscid when wet, bald and shining, margin striate; flesh thin, pliant, colored as surface, changing to bluish gray when cut or bruised. GILLS bluntly adnate, moderately close, 2 tiers of subgills, gills moderately broad, broadest at stem; white to pallid and staining pale bluish gray when cut or bruised.. STIPE 5-8 cm x 0.8-1.0 cm, equal or narrowing at base, hollow, pliant; whitish gray, paler than cap and with drier appearance, not discoloring noticeably where bruised; obscurely striate. ODOR mild. FRUITING type gregarious on soil under conifers. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.2-7.4(8.5) x 4.5-5.2(6.5) um, elliptic, smooth. REMARKS Lyophyllum geminum is another staining species that is hygrophanous pale gray but it has spindle-shaped spores.
CAP 4-8 cm, hygrophanous, dark sooty fading to dingy grayish brown then pale ash gray; bald, margin pruinose, becoming striate before fading; flesh thin, pliant, cartilaginous, watery gray becoming pallid, changing to blackish when bruised or cut. GILLS subdecurrent, close to subdistant, 2-3 tiers subgills, gills narrow becoming moderately broad, broadest near stem; pale drab and blackening where bruised. STIPE 4-8 cm x 1-2 cm, pallid to dark gray, paler in upper part; unpolished, more or less longitudinally striate, sometimes scurfy in upper part. ODOR and TASTE mild. FRUITING type single to scattered under conifers. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 9.0-11.1 x 4.5 -5.7 um, ovate to long-elliptic. REMARKS Lyophyllum rugulosum Clemencon & A.H. Sm. from California has lubricous, often finely wrinkled, watery gray, blackening cap, pale olive buff blackening gills, mild odor, and spores 6-7.7 x 3.4-4.7 um.
CAP 4-9.5 cm across, center pallid to dingy gray and darker when old, margin pallid, cap becoming blackish where bruised; dry, disc streaked without visible fibrils, margin minutely pubescent at first, opaque at all stages; flesh pale ashy gray but darker where bruised. GILLS sinuate-adnate, close, moderately broad, broader in middle; pale buffy brown, pale olive gray, staining bluish and finally black. STIPE 3-5 cm x 1.0-1.3 cm, equal above narrow base, solid, somewhat cartilaginous, pallid, darker where handled or when old; appressed-fibrillose, fibrillose-scurfy toward top. ODOR faint and disagreeable. TASTE mild. FRUITING type was somewhat cespitose under conifers and alder. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.2-7.9 x 2.7-3.5 um, cylindrical with rounded ends, finely punctate, roughened but not warty. REMARKS The other known staining Lyophyllum species with rough spores are L. leucophaeatum (P. Karst.) P. Karst., with basidia 17-20 um long, and even rather than eroded gill edges, and L. oldae (Svr?ek) Clémençon with mycenoid rather than tricholomatoid stature, cap less than 2.5 cm across, and elliptic spores wider than 4.5 um.
CAP (3.5)5-11 cm, hygrophanous, margin pale watery gray, disc darker buffy brown to olive brown and soon with blackish areas when old, sometimes blackish brown overall; lubricous to subviscid when wet, bald, moist, margin more or less striate; flesh thin, pliant, colored as surface, gradually staining dark gray to black when cut or bruised. GILLS abruptly adnexed, moderately close, 2-3 tiers of subgills, gills broad near stem, tapering toward margin; pale olive buff and gradually darker gray, staining dark gray where cut or bruised. STIPE 7-12 cm x 0.8-1.5 cm at top which is sometimes slightly enlarged, equal down to narrow base, solid; pallid becoming grayish and blackening when bruised; bald or slightly fibrillose-punctate in upper part, longitudinally striate. ODOR and TASTE farinaceous. FRUITING type cespitose along trail among Douglas-fir. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.5-8.1 x 3.7-4.7 um, elliptic.
CAP 3-5 cm, hygrophanous, sooty color fading to ashy brown and drying dingy gray-brown; lubricous and shiny, bald; flesh staining bluish gray. GILLS short decurrent, distant to subdistant, broad; pale gray to dingy brown, staining where bruised. STIPE 2-3 cm x 0.5-0.8 cm at top, club-shaped; whitish; pruinose at top, bald below. ODOR and TASTE mild. FRUITING type gregarious under conifers. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 8.3-10.3 x 4.0-4.7 um, narrowly elliptic to narrowly oval, smooth.
Sagaranella tylicolor (= Tephrocybe tylicolor, = Lyophyllum tylicolor)
Sphagnurus paluster (= Tephrocybe palustris, Lyophyllum palustre) marsh Lyophyllum
CAP 1-3 cm, hygrophanous, olive brown as a rule but often more umber brown or ocher brown and sometimes pale watery gray; grooved, smooth, not lubricous, at first covered by a faint white bloom but soon bald and watery; flesh thin, soft, watery, without distinct color change when crushed or bruised. GILLS adnate or finely adnexed or with a slight tooth, close to subdistant, narrow to broad, rather thick at times and interveined, often forked, 1-7 subgills between neighboring gills; whitish to pale smoky gray. STIPE 4-10 cm x 0.1-0.5(0.7) cm, equal, fragile, hollow, base sometimes slightly widened; gray to gray-brown, paler than cap; white-pruinose when young becoming bald and watery, or may be gray-whitish-fibrillose. ODOR farinaceous. TASTE mild, farinaceous. FRUITING single to gregarious among Sphagnum in bogs, sometimes growing on moss, sometimes in ditches. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6-8 x 4-4.5 um, elliptic, smooth, inamyloid. REMARKS Lyophyllum palustre is characterized by parasitism on Sphagnum. It kills Sphagnum in distinct areas around it where moss becomes gray: fruitbodies often occur close to the living moss.
Tephrocybe rancida (=Lyophyllum rancidum)
CAP 2-5 cm, always with distinct, obtuse umbo; gray-brown, black-gray with a steel-blue tint, not hygrophanous; smooth, satiny, innately radially fibrillose, sometimes whitish-pruinose, sometimes finely wrinkled; flesh thin, whitish when young becoming gray. GILLS strongly notched to almost free, 36-42 reaching stem, broad, 3-5(7) subgills between neighboring gills; brown-gray to ocher-gray. STIPE 4-10 cm x 0.2-0.5 cm, equal, with a fusiform root-like extension up to 5 cm long, stem hollow, sometimes off-center; gray to brown-gray, top paler; smooth to slightly longitudinally silky-fibrillose, top white-pruinose. ODOR strongly farinaceous-rancid. TASTE mild, farinaceous. FRUITING single to gregarious in hardwood and coniferous forests. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.1-8.4 x 3-4.5 um, elliptic. REMARKS fairly common.
Ossicaulis lignatilis (= Pleurotus lignatilis)
GENUS AND SPECIES | KEY ENTRIES |
ASTEROPHORA Ditmar | |
A. lycoperdoides (Bull.) Ditmar | |
A. parasitica (Bull. ex Pers.) Singer | |
CALOCYBE Kühner ex Donk | |
C. carnea (Bull.) Donk | |
C. fallax (Sacc.) Redhead & Singer | |
C. onychina (Fr.) Donk | |
HYPSIZYGUS Singer | |
H. tessellatus (Bull. ex Fr.) Singer | |
LYOPHYLLUM P. Karst. | |
L. acutipes Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic17a Mac10a |
L. canescentipes Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic8a Mac8a |
L. chamaeleon Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic14a Mac12a |
L. chondrocephalum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic9a Mac5c |
L. conoideospermum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic7a Mac3a |
L. decastes (Fr.) (Fr.) Singer | |
L. fistulosum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic12a Mac13b |
L. furfurellum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic4a Mac2a |
L. geminum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic2a Mac5b Mac17b |
L. gracile Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic12b Mac11a |
L. investitum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic5b Mac16a |
L. leptosarx Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic10a Mac5a |
L. loricatum (Fr.) Kühner ex Kalamees | |
L. lubricum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic16a Mac13a |
L. pallidum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic7b Mac17a |
L. palustre (Peck) Singer - see Tephrocybe palustris | |
L. piceum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic15a Mac15a |
L. rancidum (Fr.) Singer - see Tephrocybe rancida | |
L. scabrisporum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic1a Mac1a |
L. semitale (Fr.) Kühner ex Kalamees | Mic13a Mac7a |
L. solidipes Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic17b Mac10b |
L. stenosporum Clémençon & A.H. Sm. | Mic5a Mac15b |
L. tylicolor (Fr.) M. Lange & Sivertsen - see Tephrocybe tylicolor | |
TEPHROCYBE Donk | |
T. palustris (Peck) Donk | |
= Lyophyllum palustre (Peck) Singer | |
T. rancida (Fr.) Donk | |
= Lyophyllum rancidum (Fr.) Singer | |
T. tylicolor (Fr.) M.M. Moser | |
= Lyophyllum tylicolor (Fr.) M. Lange & Sivertsen | |
OSSICAULIS Redhead & Ginns | |
O. lignatilis (Pers.) Redhead & Ginns |
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