KEY TO KEYS of Pacific Northwest Key Council
Prepared for the Pacific Northwest Key Council
By Ian Gibson (South Vancouver Island Mycological Society) Nov. 2002
with minor revisions 2004, 2007, 2011, 2017, 2019
Copyright © 2002-2019 Pacific Northwest Key Council

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction	3
Key to Keys	5
Descriptions for species not assigned to other keys	35
Authorities and synonyms for descriptions	47
Glossary	49
References	56
Index	58

INTRODUCTION

This key is designed to allow people to find the appropriate Pacific Northwest Key Council key for an unknown mushroom, and to provide descriptions for those species that do not fall naturally into one of the keys.   

The following indicate the status of each key.

Unmarked 	Groups or genera in this Key have an existing Key Council key by that name.  

 [   ]	Groups or genera enclosed in square parentheses are those for which a key has not been written and is not expected. (Notes are available for all.)

<  >	Groups or genera enclosed in pointed parentheses have a key in preparation or expected.

*		An asterisk in the Key indicates miscellaneous species for which descriptions are contained in this key.
	(In the Descriptions, an asterisk next to the source indicates that that source contains an illustration of the species.)

Deciding on the correct key is relatively easy for nongilled mushrooms, but is occasionally quite difficult for gilled mushrooms.  The key for gilled mushrooms often depends on knowing the color of the spores and knowing whether there is a partial veil.  For these reasons it is a good idea to look at both young and mature specimens: the young ones will show whether there is a partial veil (as well as the true color of the gills) and the mature gills will show the spore color.

Note that the key is broken into sections primarily to make it easier to update.  It is not necessary to understand the sections to use the key, but for those who are curious, the organization is the following:

001 - 100	nongilled
101 - 200	gilled, lateral stem
201 - 300	gilled, central stem, inky or sequestrate or volvate
301 - 400	gilled, central stem, not inky or sequestrate or volvate, partial veil
401 - 500	gilled, central stem, not inky or sequestrate or volvate, no partial veil, stem breaks like chalk
501 - 600	gilled, central stem, not inky or sequestrate or volvate, no partial veil, stem does not break like chalk, gills free
601 - 700	gilled, central stem, not inky or sequestrate or volvate, no partial veil, stem does not break like chalk, gills not free, gills waxy
701 - 800	gilled, central stem, not inky or sequestrate or volvate, no partial veil, stem does not break like chalk, gills not free, gills not waxy, gills decurrent
801 - 900	gilled, central stem, not inky or sequestrate or volvate, no partial veil, stem does not break like chalk, gills not free, gills not waxy, gills not decurrent, stem thin
901 - 999	gilled, central stem, not inky or sequestrate or volvate, no partial veil, stem does not break like chalk, gills not free, gills not waxy, gills not decurrent, stem thick

Ian Gibson
ig@islandnet.com

67 Linden Avenue
Victoria BC V8V 4C9
(250) 384-6002

KEY TO KEYS

1a	gills are present under cap	101
1b	gills are not present	2

2a	well-defined cap and stem	3
2b	no well-defined cap and stem	11

3a	pores on underside of cap	4
3b	no pores on underside of cap	5

4a	tube layer that ends in pores strips easily from cap, fruitbody fleshy, usually on ground	Boletes
4b	tube layer does not strip easily from cap, texture usually tough and leathery, usually on wood	Polypores

5a	(3b)  teeth on underside of cap, fruitbody not jelly-like	Toothed fungi (Hydnoid fungi)
5b	no teeth on underside of cap or fruitbody jelly-like	6

6a	veins on underside of cap as in chanterelles: thick, blunt, foldlike, shallow, may be forked or with cross veins, decurrent	Veined fungi (Cantharelloid fungi)
6b	no veins on underside of cap	7

7a	fruitbodies grouped on dead Russulaceae mushrooms, cap whitish becoming powdery	Lyophyllum and Allies (Asterophora lycoperdoides)
7b	fruitbodies growing elsewhere, cap not whitish becoming powdery	8

8a	fruitbody whitish, small with cap less than 1.5 cm wide so that gill-structure may not develop fully, slender stem centrally attached, spores inamyloid		
		Mycenoid species (Hemimycena)
8b	not whitish, or larger, or stem thick or lateral, or spores amyloid	9

9a	fruitbody whitish, less than 3 cm tall, slender stem with fine hairs and attached at the side of cap that is kidney-shaped to asymmetrically funnel-shaped, margin often wavy, growing on mossy needle beds	Stereopsis humphreyi*
9b	not with the combination of features above	10

10a	fruitbody whitish, kidney-shaped to spathulate or funnel-shaped, white cap less than 2.0 cm wide, slightly wrinkled or smooth spore bearing surface, short lateral stem, growth on moss	Muscinupta laevis*
10b	fruitbody not whitish or differently shaped or larger, or stem not lateral, or habitat different	Veined fungi (Cantharelloid fungi) 
(a key where some mushrooms with smooth underside to cap are discussed, due to the species that vary from veined to smooth)

11a	(2b)  growing on wood in form that is shelf-like, fan-like, or bracket-like, often but not always tough	12
11b	not growing on wood, or form different; tough or not	13

12a	pores on underside	Polypores
12b	teeth on underside	Toothed fungi (Hydnoid fungi)

13a	(11b)  growing underground	Truffles & False Truffles
13b	not growing underground	14

14a	growing flat usually on wood but occasionally other fungi or other surfaces	Crust fungi
14b	not growing flat on wood	15

15a	in the form of a nest less than 1 cm wide, often containing lens-shaped "eggs", or in form of 0.1-0.3 cm sphere shooting out spherical "egg" and leaving starlike rays	(Bird's Nest Fungi) Nidulariaceae
15b	not in the form of a nest, and not in form of sphere that leaves starlike rays	16

16a	with foul-smelling slime at maturity, in the form of a club, sometimes with branches at the end, or in the form of a red sphere with a coarse netlike pattern	Club Fungi (Stinkhorns)
16b	not with foul-smelling slime, or not in the form of a club or netlike sphere	17

17a	consistency like firm jelly (rubbery)	Jelly fungi
17b	consistency not jelly-like	18

18a	cup-like or disc-like, or with tiny tubular fruitbody; with or without stem	Cup fungi 
(key written only for Pezizales, not Leotiales or basidiomycete cups)
18b	neither cup-like nor disc-like nor with tiny tubular fruitbody	19

19a	more or less spherical, with spore mass inside that often becomes powdery, with stem or without stem	20
19b	not spherical or not with spore mass inside that becomes powdery	23

20a	at maturity outer layer splits into several starlike rays which curl back	
		Puffballs without long stalks & Earthstars
20b	not with outer layer splitting into starlike rays	21

21a	long stem which is usually slender	Long-stalked Puffballs (in Desert Fungi key)
21b	stem short or absent	22

22a	thick tough rigid skin when fresh, typically yellowish to brown but sometimes whitish, purplish, or blackish	
		Earthballs (Sclerodermataceae)
22b	skin not thick tough and rigid when fresh, often whitish when fresh but also other colors	Puffballs without long stalks & Earthstars
23a	(19b)  head of fungus convoluted or saddle-like but not honeycombed with large pits and ridges, and not with leaf-like lobes, usually with stem		
		Morels, False Morels and Elfin Saddles (Helvellaceae)
23b	head of fungus not convoluted or saddle-like, but may be honeycombed with large pits and ridges, or may have leaf-like lobes	24

24a	head of fungus honeycombed with large pits and ridges, stem present		
		Morels, False Morels and Elfin Saddles (Morchellaceae)
24b.	head of fungus not honeycombed, stem present or absent	25

25a	fleshy, unbranched upright club	Club fungi
25b	not in the form of fleshy unbranched upright club	26

26a	fleshy, intricately branched or with leaflike lobes	27
26b	not fleshy or neither intricately branched nor with leaflike lobes	28

27a	medium to large, coral-like, profusely branched from common base, branches mostly erect, smooth, never ribbon-like, often brightly colored, spores usually ornamented, spore-bearing surface usually staining green or bluish with ferrous sulphate	Coral fungi (Ramaria)
27b	small to large, intricately branched or with leaf-like lobes, branches erect or not, smooth or rough, may be ribbon-like, color usually but not always whitish or grayish or yellowish, spores usually smooth, spore-bearing surface usually not staining green or bluish with ferrous sulphate	<Coral fungi (other)>

28	(26b)  Not included in keys (microscopic species, lichens, slime moulds, moulds, mildews, rusts, smuts, Rhytisma, Taphrina, Hypocrea, Nectria, Hypoxylon, Daldinia, Dibotryon, Gymnosporangium, Pucciniastrum, etc.)

* * *

101a	stem off-center or absent	102
101b	stem central	201

102a	gill edge split lengthwise into two halves	Schizophyllum*
102b	gill edge not split lengthwise into two halves	103

103a	spores decidedly pink, salmon-colored, reddish clay-colored, or brownish-pink	105
103b	spores whitish, buff, slightly pinkish, clay-colored without reddish tones, brownish-yellow, olivaceous brown, lilac, violaceous, purple-brown, blackish brown or another brown	104

104a	spores white, cream, cream-buff,  pale yellow, brownish-yellow, or slightly pinkish	112
104b	spores buff, clay-colored without reddish tones, olivaceous-umber, lilac, violaceous, purple-brown, or blackish-brown, or another shade of brown	107

105a	(103a)  cap densely tomentose, fruitbody entirely orange-yellow to orange	
		Pleurotoid species (Phyllotopsis)
105b	cap not densely tomentose, or fruitbody another color	106

106a	cap 3-6 cm wide, deeply depressed becoming flat-depressed, hispid or nearly bald, white to cream or purplish with dark purple lines, spores dull brown to yellow-brown, or cinnamon-brown, sometimes with slight pinkish tint (and smooth under microscope)	[Crepidotus]
106b	fruitbody with a different combination of features, spores pink, salmon, or brownish-pink (and angular under microscope)	Entolomataceae

107a	(104b)  spores violaceous to lilac	Pleurotoid species (Pleurotus)
107b	spores not violaceous to lilac	108

108a	gills readily removed from cap	Gilled Boletes (Paxillus)
108b	gills not readily removed from cap	109

109a	spores reddish-brown or purplish to fuscous violet to dark violaceous-brown	Deconica*
109b	spores clay-colored, yellowish brown, cinnamon-brown, dull brown, light brown, olivaceous-umber or bright rusty-brown	110

110a	fruitbody and lower stem coarsely scaly, dark brown to cinnamon or rusty-brown	Phaeomarasmius*
110b	fruitbody and lower stem not coarsely scaly, or not dark brown to cinnamon or rusty-brown	111

111a	yellow-brown fruitbody, gills tinged yellowish or orange and often crimped, forked, and/or interveined, spores yellowish brown or light brown, stem lateral or absent	Tapinella panuoides*
111b	yellow-brown to red-brown fruitbody, gills cream to tan or yellow-brown, often forked and/or interveined, spores yellowish brown to brownish yellow, stem off-center to lateral, taste often bitter	Tapinella atrotomentosa*
111c	fruitbody whitish, ochraceous, yellowish, brownish, spores yellowish brown to cinnamon-brown or dull brown, stem lateral or absent	[Crepidotus]
111d	fruitbody everywhere olivaceous or olive-brown or spores dull brown or grayish-brown to umber, stem lateral or off-center	[Simocybe]

112a	(104a)  gills hard, regular to mazelike, fruitbody a bracket on wood	Polypores
112b	gills soft, regular to forking or anastomosing, yellow-tinged or orange-tinged, and often crimped, yellow-brown fruitbody on wood with lateral or absent stem	Tapinella panuoides*
112c	gills soft, regular to forking or anastomosing, cream to tan or yellow-brown, yellow-brown to red-brown fruitbody on wood with lateral or absent, velvety stem, taste often bitter	Tapinella atrotomentosa*
112d	gills soft, regular to forking or anastomosing, fruitbody not a bracket on wood	113
113a	gills forking (dichotomously branching), fruitbody orange or brown, rarely whitish, mild odor, growing on ground	Gilled boletes (Hygrophoropsis)
113b	gills forking (dichotomously branching), fruitbody pink, fragrant odor of bubblegum, cinnamon candy, or grape soda, growing on ground		
		[Omphalinoid species (Aphroditeola olida)]
113c	gills either not strongly forking or fruitbody a different color or growing on wood	114

114a	gills readily removed from cap	Gilled Boletes (Paxillus)
114b	gills not readily removed from cap	115

115a	gills strongly anastomosing	116
115b	gills not strongly anastomosing	118

116a	fruitbody white, on grasses and Rubus canes	Tetrapyrgos*
116b	fruitbody a different color or habitat different	117

117a	gills often veinlike as in chanterelles, fruitbody gray to gray-brown, among mosses	[Omphalinoid species (Arrhenia)]
117b	gills usually veinlike as in chanterelles, fruitbody reddish-brown to yellow-brown to tan, on hardwoods	Veined Fungi (Plicaturopsis)

118a	(115b)  gill edge with abundant large cells appearing ciliate under hand lens		
		Tricholomopsis
118b	gill edge not with abundant large cells appearing ciliate under hand lens	119

119a	some part of fruitbody staining blackish, bluing, or turning red, (gills usually bluing with PDAB)	Lyophyllum and Allies (Lyophyllum)
119b	no part of fruitbody staining blackish, bluing, or turning red, (gills not usually bluing with PDAB)	120

120a	cap up to 2cm wide, chalky whitish, dry, minutely hairy, without stem or with short lateral whitish stem, growth on wood, spore deposit white, (spores 5-6 x 4.5-5.5 um)	Pleurotoid species (Cheimonophyllum candidissimum)
120b	not with this combination of features	121

121a	cap flesh and flesh of gills (at times) either completely gelatinous or with gelatinous layers, gill edge not serrate under hand lens	Pleurotoid species
121b	cap and gills neither gelatinous nor with gelatinous layers, gill edge smooth to serrate under hand lens	122

122a	gill edge not serrate and cap fleshy	Pleurotoid species
122b	gill edge serrate or cap tough and leathery to corky	123

123a	gill edge not serrate	Pleurotoid species
123b	gill edge serrate	124

124a	gill edge coarsely toothed, cap whitish-ocher to brown, stem usually central		
		Lentinellus & Neolentinus (Neolentinus)
124b	gill edge finely toothed, cap brown, ocher, or slightly violaceous, stem central to lateral	125

125a	fruitbodies with one of following features a) cap hairy tomentose and stem base strigose with gray or greenish hairs, b) cap with small blackish fine scales on a white background and stem blackish scaly, c) cap bald when young and orange-yellow, ocher-yellow, or ocher-brown, or d) gills ocher to pinkish brown or violaceous	Pleurotoid species (Panus)
125b	fruitbodies without one of the above features, cap variable in color but usually brown, rarely whitish, gills usually serrate and white, whitish-yellow or pallid-pinkish	Lentinellus & Neolentinus (Lentinellus)

* * *
201a	gills and/or cap turning to inky blackish liquid	Coprinoid Species
201b	gills and/or cap not turning to inky blackish liquid	202

202a	gills distorted or convoluted and may form cavities, spores not forcibly released, so spore print not available, often in deserts or mountainous areas		
		Truffles & False Truffles (Sequestrate agarics)
202b	gills well-formed	203

203a	volva present, gills free	204
203b	volva absent	301

204a	spores white or pale cream	Amanita
204b	spores pinkish brown	[Volvariella]

* * *

301a 	(203b)  partial veil present	302
301b	partial veil absent	401

302a	partial veil membranous or a solid fibrillose layer, forming a distinct annulus	304
302b	partial veil gelatinous, weblike or granular, there may be scattered fibrils, annular zone may be present	303

303a	partial veil gelatinous	343
303b	partial veil weblike or granular, there may be scattered fibrils, annular zone may be present	347

304a	(302a)  gills free	305
304b	gills abruptly adnexed, adnexed, adnate, notched or decurrent	312

305a	spores rust-brown, cap and lower stem granular and yellow brown to pale orange, annulus sheathlike	Phaeolepiota aurea*
305b	spores greenish, or purple-brown to chocolate brown, or white	306

306a	spores greenish becoming purplish brown on drying, young gills red		
		Lepiotoid species (Melanophyllum)
306b	spores greenish and remaining so, or purple-brown to chocolate brown, or white	307

307a	spores greenish and remaining so, cap with large scales	Lepiotoid species (Chlorophyllum)
307b	spores purple-brown to chocolate brown, or white	308

308a	spore purple-brown to chocolate brown	309
308b	spores white	310

309a	young gills red	Lepiotoid species (Melanophyllum)
309b	gills white to pink at first	Agaricus

310a	(308b)  warts or patches on cap, volva present	Amanita
310b	cap otherwise or volva not formed	311

311a	cap viscid	Limacella
311b 	cap scaly, granular, innately fibrillose or pruinose, rarely bald	Leptiotoid species

312a	(304b)  spores white to cream	313
312b	spores some shade of brown, or black	319

313a	gills serrate, fruitbodies often tough	Lentinellus and Neolentinus (Neolentinus)
313b	gills not serrate, fruitbodies fleshy	314

314a	gills waxy-looking, soft, often decurrent, cap usually viscid, (and spores smooth, basidia long and narrow, at least 6 times as long as spores)	Hygrophoraceae
314b	gills not waxy-looking, gill attachment variable, cap dry or viscid	315

315a	cap granular, under 8 cm and usually under 5 cm wide, gills adnexed or adnate, no swollen rootlike base	Cystoderma (key including Cystodermella)
315b	cap not granular, or larger, gill attachment various	316

316a	cap bald to appressed-fibrillose, large, annulus two-layered, gills decurrent	Catathelasma*
316b	either cap not bald or fruitbody not large or annulus not two-layered or gills not decurrent	317

317a	cap yellowish brown to reddish brown or brownish yellow, usually with scattered bristle-like scales, medium size, annulus one-layered	Armillaria
317b	cap another color or not having bristle scales, size and annulus various	318

318a	with sclerotium-like or swollen rootlike often hollow base	Squamanita
318b	without a base like this, cap white, gray, brown, reddish, or reddish brown	Tricholoma
	
319a 	(312b)  spores rust-colored, dark reddish cinnamon, or some shade of brown other than purple-brown	320
319b	spores reddish, purple-brown, or black	339

320a	gills cleanly removable from cap, spores dull brown	Gilled Boletes (Paxillus)
320b	gills not cleanly removable from cap, spores various in color	321

321a	stem slender less than or equal to 0.5 cm and typically brittle or cartilaginous	322
321b	stem fleshy greater than 0.5 cm	329

322a	scattered or in groups or clusters on wood, gills adnate to slightly decurrent, spores ocher to dark reddish cinnamon or rust-brown, hygrophanous moist or dry, reddish or  reddish brown cap and brownish flesh, cap 1-5 cm with white fibrils especially near margin, base usually with white mycelial mat	Tubaria*
322b	not with above combination of features	323

323a	on burnt ground among the moss Funaria hygrometrica, gills adnate, hygrophanous dry cap 1-4 cm	Pholiota (Crassisporium)
323b	not with above combination of features	324

324a	spores rust-colored or dark reddish cinnamon	325
324b	spores some shade of brown other than rust-colored or dark reddish cinnamon	326

325a	cap cuticle filamentous, spores without germ pore, cannot be separated reliably to genus without microscope, but cap moist to sometimes viscid (may appear dry in dry weather), usually without hoary sheen, often striate	[Galerina]
325b	cap cuticle cellular, spores with germ pore, cannot be separated reliably to genus without microscope, but dry (may appear moist in wet weather), with hoary sheen or pruinose, may be striate	[Conocybe]

326a	(324b)  on burnt ground and/or often among mosses, cap dry 1-4 cm	
		Pholiota (Crassisporium)
326b	not on burnt ground and not among mosses, or cap not both dry and 1-4cm	327

327a	on wood, cap strongly hygrophanous, bald, dry, brown, annulus small membranous	Pholiota (Kuehneromyces)
327b	not on wood, or cap not with hygrophanous, bald, dry and brown features, or annulus different	328

328a	cap 2-7 cm, gills reddish brown or purplish brown, stem fragile breaking into pieces with ease, spores dark umber brown	[Psathyrella]
328b	cap 1-4 cm, gills not reddish brown or purplish brown, stem cartilaginous to brittle but not breaking into pieces with ease, spores dull brown to pale brown	[Simocybe]

329a	(321b)  growing on ground	330
329b	growing on wood	336

330a	cap and lower stem with easily removed granules and yellow-brown to pale orange, spores rust-brown, sheathing veil on stem	Phaeolepiota aurea*
330b	cap and stem not with easily removed granules or not yellow-brown to pale orange, or spores not rust-brown, or without sheathing veil on stem	331

331a	spores rust-colored	332
331b	spores dark brown to earth-brown to milky-coffee-brown	333

332a	mycenoid, cap surface with hoary sheen, no veil patches on stem base	[Conocybe]
332b	more robust, cap surface with small white fibrils, stem base may have white volva patches	[Cortinarius (Cortinarius caperatus)]

333a	(331b)  spores milky-coffee-brown, cap bald and hygrophanous, stem dry and without conspicuous scales	Agrocybe (including Cyclocybe)
333b	spores another color, or cap not both bald and hygrophanous, or stem not dry, or stem with conspicuous scales	334

334a	gill edge colored as face or stem entirely scaly	Pholiota
334b	gill edge white, stem often pruinose to granular or scabrous near top	335

335a	cap often dry and cracked, surface fibrillose, fibrillose-scaly, or scaly; odor often spermatic or some other distinctive smell like fishy, fruity, green corn, bruised Geranium leaves, or like Lycoperdon flesh	Inocybe
335b	cap usually viscid, sticky to touch, surface smooth, never cracked or scaly; odor usually like radish but also may be like burnt sugar, saccharine, sweet, orange blossoms, cocoa, or mild	[Hebeloma]

336a	(329b)  spores clay-color to bright rusty-orange, gills bright yellow to bright rusty-brown	337
336b	spores dull brown to milky-coffee brown	338

337a	cap fibrillose or breaking up into small scales, more than 1.5 cm wide, brightly colored, spore deposit bright rusty orange, taste bitter	Gymnopilus
337b	cap coarsely scaly, granular, pruinose or floccose, spore deposit a shade of yellow brown to cinnamon or darker brown or duller brown	Phaeomarasmius*

338a	(336b)  spores milky-coffee-brown, cap bald, hygrophanous, stem dry and without conspicuous scales	Agrocybe (including Cyclocybe)
338b	spores another color or cap not both bald and hygrophanous, or stem not dry, or stem with conspicuous scales	Pholiota

339a	(319b)  cap viscid or subviscid	340
339b	cap dry	342

340a	gills mottled, fruitbody on dung, cap hemispherical to deeply convex	Panaeolus
340b	gills not mottled or fruitbody not on dung or cap not hemispherical to deeply convex	341

341a	stem viscid or with distinct annulus, fruitbodies terrestrial	Strophariaceae (dark-spored)
341b	stem dry, with indistinct annulus, fruitbodies usually on wood	Pholiota

342a	(339b)  fruitbody fleshy not fragile, usually on wood, cap yellow, orange, yellow-brown, or greenish	Pholiota
342b	fruitbody often fragile, on dung, humus or wood, cap brown, gray, gray-brown to black or black-brown	[Psathyrella]

343a	(303a)  spores white to cream	344
343b	spores black to brown	345

344a	gills free, not waxy-looking	Limacella
344b	gills not free, waxy-looking	Hygrophoraceae

345a	(343b) spores smoky to black, gills long-decurrent	Gomphidiaceae (Gomphidius)
345b	spores brown	346

346a	spores rust-brown, cortina present in button stage	[Cortinarius]
346b	spores clay-colored, cinnamon-brown, umber-brown, or black-brown, cortina not present although veil may be fibrillose	Pholiota
	
347a	(303b)  fruitbodies usually on old Russulaceae, caps 1-2 cm and whitish becoming powdery	Lyophyllum and Allies (Asterophora lycoperdoides)
347b	fruitbodies not on old Russulaceae, caps a different size or color or not becoming powdery	348

348a	spores white to cream	352
348b	spores brownish or blackish	349

349a	spores smoky to black, gills waxy-looking and decurrent, flesh of cap orange	
		Gomphidiaceae (Chroogomphus)
349b	spores not smoky to black, or gills not both waxy-looking and decurrent, or flesh of cap not orange	350

350a	spores bright rust-brown to rust-yellow or cinnamon-brown	353
350b	spores dull rust brown, dull brown, clay-colored, umber-brown, purple-brown, blackish-brown or black	351

351a	spores clay-colored, dull brown, dull rust brown, or umber-brown	355
351b	spores purple-brown, blackish brown, or black	358

352a	(348a) stem sheathed up to annular zone with rusty recurved scales that are also present on cap; growing on wood	Leucopholiota decorosa*
352b	stem not sheathed up to annular zone, or cap and stem not having rusty recurved scales; growing on the ground or on wood	313

353a	(350a)  taste bitter, typically on wood, gills become bright rust-colored from spores 	Gymnopilus
353b	taste typically not bitter, if bitter then not exclusively on wood, if gills rust-colored then not bright rust-colored	354

354a	cortina well-developed when young, usually with conifers	[Cortinarius]
354b	cortina absent, may have slight fibrillose veil, typically under alder, willow, or birch, sometimes on mosses or on burnt ground	Naucoria*

355a	(351a)  cap either fibrillose to scaly, or bald and slippery to viscid or slimy, stem typically scaly, at least on basal part, rarely bald, growing typically on wood, wood chips, or rarely on hard-packed soil	Pholiota
355b	not with above combination of features	356

356a	brown scaly dry cap, pallid gills that turn brown, brown stem that is scaly, floccose or woolly fibrillose, growing on soil, rotten wood or among Sphagnum	Inocybe (lanuginosa group)
356a	cap not brown or not scaly or not dry, or gills not pallid or not turning brown, or stem not scaly and not floccose and not woolly-fibrillose, most often growing on ground	357

357a 	cap often dry and cracked, surface fibrillose, fibrillose-scaly, or scaly; odor often spermatic or some other distinctive smell like fishy, fruity, green corn, bruised Geranium leaves, or like Lycoperdon flesh	Inocybe
357b	cap usually viscid, sticky to touch, surface smooth, never cracked or scaly; odor usually like radish but also may be like burnt sugar, saccharine, sweet, orange blossoms, cocoa, or mild	[Hebeloma]

358a	(351b)  cap and stem fragile with superficial layer of dull brown fibrils, gills often purplish-violet	[Psathyrella]
358b	cap yellow, olivaceous-brown, or yellow brown without superficial layer of dull brown fibrils, stem not fragile, gills not purplish-violet	 Strophariaceae (Hypholoma)

* * *

401a	(301b)  stem breaks like chalk, cap, stem and gills break into many pieces when crushed, stem typically more than 0.3 cm thick, (and spores with amyloid warts or ridges)	402
401b	stem not breaking into small pieces but may be fragile or snap in two, cap fleshy or tough	501

402a	fruitbody exudes watery or milky substance of various colors when cut	Lactarius
402b	fruitbody does not exude watery or milky substance	Russula

* * *

501a	(401b)  gills free	502
501b	gills abruptly adnexed, adnexed, adnate, decurrent, notched, sinuate, or toothed	601

502a	spores white to cream	508
502b	spores brown, pinkish-brown, purple-brown, blackish, (or spores not deposited, 1-1.5 cm conical viscid striate cap, gills gelatinize quickly, tall fragile stem that often bends over, growing in grass in early summer)	503

503a	spores not present, 1-1.5 cm conical viscid striate cap, gills gelatinize quickly, tall fragile stem that often bends over, growing in grass in early summer		
		[Truffles and False Truffles (Sequestrate agarics)]
503b	spores brown, pinkish-brown, purple-brown, or blackish	504

504a	spores bright rust-brown, cap striate, usually viscid	Bolbitius*
504b	spores brown or blackish (but not rust-brown) or cap not striate	505

505a	spores pinkish-brown	512
505b	spores brown, purple-brown, or blackish but not pinkish-brown	506

506a	spores blackish, cap pleated	Coprinoid Species
506b	spores not blackish or cap not pleated	507

507a	spores greenish becoming purple-brown on drying, cap powdery	
		Lepiotoid species (Melanophyllum)
507b	spores purple-brown or chocolate-brown, cap not powdery	Agaricus

508a	(502a)  cap or stem viscid	Limacella
508b	cap and stem dry	509

509a	cap surface with removable powder, 1-8 cm wide, stem 0.1-1.0 cm at top	510
509b	cap surface without removable powder, or cap a different size, or stem a different width	511

510a	Lepiota-like in stature, stem fragile and brittle, easily removed, without bulb	Lepiotoid species (Cystolepiota)
510b	not Lepiota-like in stature, stem fleshy-fibrous, not easily removed, with slight bulb	Amanita (Amanita farinosa)

511a	(509b)  cap 0.3-0.6 cm, silky to innately fibrillose, stem 0.02-0.05 cm at top, fruitbodies brownish lilac, not discoloring when handled or bruised and without an odor, (gills not bluing with PDAB)	Pseudobaeospora pillodii*
511b	cap and stem typically larger, cap bald, fruitbodies often discoloring black, blue or red when handled or bruised, odor often distinct, (gills discolor blue with PDAB)	Lyophyllum and Allies (Lyophyllum)

512a	(505a)  cap often viscid, fruitbodies usually on humus, volva present young	Volvariella
512b	cap dry, fruitbodies on wood, volva absent	[Pluteus]

* * *

601a	(501b)  gills thick or waxy-looking, lustrous	602
601b	gills not thick or waxy-looking	701

602a	(914a)  spores smoky to black	603
602b	spores white, cream, pinkish-brown, or lilac	604

603a	flesh of cap orange, veil fibrillose, gills buff to yellow	Gomphidiceae (Chroogomphus)
603b	flesh of cap white to pink, veil viscid, gills white to pallid at first, soon grayish		
		Gomphidiaceae  (Gomphidius)

604a	(602b)  gills violet, purple, vinaceous-red, or pinkish-brown, often thick and rather hard as well as brittle, typically distant, stem tough and fibrous, often longitudinally striate 	[Laccaria]
604b	gills usually colored otherwise, typically not hard if brittle, stem fleshy and soft, usually not longitudinally striate	605

605a 	usually growing on dead Russulaceae, with one of following characteristics: a) cap surface and flesh breaking into powdery mass, b) gills poorly developed or distorted or anastomosing , or c) strong sour to farinaceous odor	
		Lyophyllum and Allies (Asterophora)
605b	not on dead Russulaceae, or if on dead Russulaceae not with powder cap or poorly developed gills or sour to farinaceous odor	606

606a	gills white and forking, often red-spotted in age, cap gray		
		[Omphalinoid species (Cantharellula umbonata)]
606b	gills not forking or if forking not in consistently dichotomous way	607

607a	fruitbodies typically on moss, gills often veined or with anastomosing folds and ridges, cap often lobed or spathulate, fruitbody usually less than 3 cm wide		
		[Omphalinoid species (Arrhenia)]
607b	fruitbodies with various habitats, gills well-formed, cap size and shape various	608

608a	cap, stem, and gills pale tan (rare) to gray-brown to dark umber-brown, cap up to 8 cm wide, hygrophanous, stem 0.3-0.8 cm at top, (amyloid spores, clampless septa)	609
608b	fruitbodies often vividly colored or at least colored other than above, if cap is gray-brown to umber-brown, then stem is whitish or greater than 0.8 cm wide at top, (inamyloid spores)	Hygrophoraceae

609a	cap, stem, and often gills gray-brown to dark umber-brown, cap 2.5-8 cm wide, hygrophanous, cap margin usually striate or inrolled, gills occasionally forked, stem 0.3-0.8 cm wide at top, fairly common	Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis*
609b	cap, stem, and presumably gills pale tan, cap up to 4 cm wide, hygrophanous, stem about 0.5 cm wide at top, rare	Pseudoclitocybe oregonensis*

* * *

701a (601b)  gills decurrent or subdecurrent	702
701b	gills neither decurrent nor subdecurrent	801

702a	stem 0.3-0.5 cm wide at top, cap brown to orange-brown, ribbed, and with small umbo, gills sinuate and serrate, grows on hardwood	Heliocybe sulcata*
702b	stem wider or narrower at top, or cap otherwise, or gills otherwise, or not on hardwood	703

703a	stem less than 0.5 cm wide at top, often fragile and brittle or sometimes fibrous-pliant or cartilaginous, cap flesh thin usually < 0.2 cm at center, cap often membranous	704
703b	stem greater than or equal to 0.5 cm wide at top, fleshy-fibrous or soft, cap flesh greater than or equal to 0.3 cm thick, cap not membranous	732

704a	spores white, cream, yellow, orange, lilac, or lilac-gray	708
704b	spores pink, pinkish brown, reddish brown, ocher-brown, or purple-brown	705

705a	spores pale pink to pale pinkish brown	Clitocybe (Lepista)
705b	spores pinkish brown, salmon-brown, reddish brown, ocher-brown, or purple-brown	706

706a	spores pinkish brown, salmon-brown, or reddish-brown	Entolomataceae
706b	spores ocher-brown to reddish cinnamon brown or rust-brown	707

707a	spores ocher-brown to reddish cinnamon brown or rust-brown	Tubaria*
707b	spores purple-brown	[Psilocybe]

708a	(704a)  fruitbodies on dead plant remains or especially twigs, small with cap less than or equal to 1.5 cm wide, whitish to ochraceous, stem insititious or almost insititious and whitish with brownish to brownish-black base	Marasmioid species (Marasmiellus)
708b	fruitbodies not on dead plant remains or twigs, or caps wider than 1.5 cm, or cap not whitish to ochraceous, or stem not insititious or almost insititious, or stem not whitish with brownish to brownish-black base	709

709a	fruitbodies on dead hardwood twigs, cap 0.4-1.2 cm wide and white, stem when present stublike or lateral, rarely central, whitish	Pleurotoid species (Cheimonophyllum)
709b	fruitbodies not on dead hardwood twigs, or cap not 0.4-1.2 cm wide, or cap not white, or stem not stublike or lateral, or stem not whitish	710

710a	stem base with yellowish to orangish hairs, not exuding juice when cut, stem at top pruinose, granular, or minutely scaly	[Xeromphalina]
710b	stem base not with yellowish to orange hairs, or stem exuding juice when cut, or stem neither pruinose nor granular nor minutely scaly	711

711a	usually growing on dead Russulaceae, with one of following characteristics: a) cap surface and flesh breaking into powdery mass, b) gills poorly developed or distorted or anastomosing, or c) strong sour to farinaceous odor	
		Lyophyllum and Allies (Asterophora)
711b	not growing on dead Russulaceae, or neither cap surface breaking into powdery mass, nor gills poorly developed, not odor strong sour to farinaceous	712

712a	fruitbodies on moss, cap 2-5 cm wide, hygrophanous gray-brown, often umbilicate, may have farinaceous odor and taste, (round spores with blunt spines), rare	[Omphalinoid species (Omphaliaster)]
712b	fruitbodies not on moss, or cap not 2-5 cm wide, or cap not hygrophanous gray-brown, or spores not round with blunt spines, or common	713

713a	fruitbody reviving when moistened, stem rigid and horny or tough and elastic	
		Marasmioid species (Marasmius)
713b	fruitbody not reviving when moistened, stem fleshy and soft, often fragile and breaking easily	714

714a	cap with removable bristles or hairs or fibrillose scales, gills adnate to subdecurrent or notched, growing on wood or at least near base of trees, stem often with basally attached black rhizomorphs, annulus usually present	Armillaria
714b	cap not with removable bristles or hairs or fibrillose scales, or gills definitely decurrent or notched, or growing away from trees, annulus not present	715

715a	cap grayish to yellowish-buff and radially striate with darker fibrils and minute pointed scales, gills strongly decurrent, growing on conifer wood, without black rhizomorphs	Pseudoarmillariella ectypoides*
715b	cap not grayish to yellowish-buff, or cap not radially striate with darker fibrils and minute pointed scales, or gills not strongly decurrent, or not growing on conifer wood	716

716a	either some part of fruitbody bluing or blackening or fruitbodies in large cespitose clusters, stem fleshy, bald, (gills bluing with PDAB)		
		Lyophyllum and Allies (Lyophyllum)
716b	no part of fruitbody bluing or blackening, and fruitbodies not in large cespitose clusters with fleshy bald stem, (and gills not bluing with PDAB)	717

717a	growing on wood, often cespitose or in large numbers, cap appressed-fibrillose, cracked and often lacerate	Clitocybula*
717b	not growing on wood, or cap not appressed-fibrillose or not cracked	718

718a	fruitbody white, whitish cream-colored, or cream-yellowish	719
718b	fruitbody more strongly pigmented	722

719a	either cap 0.1-3 cm wide, bellshaped and umbonate or papillate, or cap 0.35 to 0.45 cm wide, centrally depressed, micaceous with pruinose stem less than 0.1 cm wide	720
719b	cap convex-depressed to slightly umbilicate, but either cap more than 0.45 cm wide, or cap not micaceous, or stem not pruinose or greater than 0.1 cm wide	721

720a	cap 0.1-3 cm wide, bellshaped and umbonate or papillate		
		Mycenoid species (Hemimycena)
720b	cap 0.35-0.45 cm wide, centrally depressed, micaceous, stem less than 0.1 cm, pruinose	Mycenoid species (Resinomycena)

721a	(719b)  cap striate, often to disc, margin scalloped or lobed	[Omphalinoid species]
721b	cap not distinctly striate to disc, margin not scalloped or lobed	Clitocybe

722a	(718b)  stem at top pruinose, granular, or minutely scaly, stem base exuding a watery colorless juice when cut	Mycenoid species (Hydropus)
722b	stem at top neither pruinose, nor granular, nor minute, and stem base not exuding a watery colorless juice when cut	723

723a	cap 0.4-1.0 cm wide, cap flesh thin, gills whitish to yellowish or buff (may be tinged violaceous) and long-decurrent, stem 1-8 cm long and less than 0.2 cm wide, growing in mosses	[Omphalinoid species (Rickenella)]
723b	not with above combination of features	724

724a	cap 0.3-2.5 cm, viscid, yellowish, convex with flat to depressed center, gills lilac or pink or bluish, growing on conifer wood	
		[Omphalinoid species (Chromosera cyanophylla)]
724b	not with above combination of features	725

725a	cap, stem, and gills pale tan (rare) to gray-brown to dark umber-brown, cap up to 8 cm wide, hygrophanous, stem 0.3-0.8 cm at top, (amyloid spores white in deposit, clampless septa)	726
725b	fruitbodies colored other than above, if cap is gray-brown to umber-brown, then stem is whitish or greater than 0.8 cm wide at top, (spores may be amyloid or clamps may be present)	727

726a	cap, stem, and often gills gray-brown to dark umber-brown, cap 2.5-8 cm wide, hygrophanous, cap margin usually striate or inrolled, gills occasionally forked, stem 0.3-0.8 cm wide at top, fairly common		
		Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis*
726b	cap, stem, and presumably gills pale tan, cap up to 4 cm wide, hygrophanous, stem about 0.5 cm wide at top, rare	Pseudoclitocybe oregonensis*

727a	(725b)  cap with gray, gray-brown, olive-brown or blackish brown color, gills decurrent, white and constrasting with cap in color, growing on ground	728
727b	not with above combination of features	730
728a	cap surface gelatinous or slippery when fresh, umbilicate, grows on burnt soil	Mycenoid species (Myxomphalia maura)
728b	cap surface not gelatinous or slippery when fresh	729

729a	(large cystidia scattered to abundant, 44-66 x 9-12 um)		
		Mycenoid species  (Gamundia leucophylla)
729b	(cystidia if present are small, 25-30 x 7-9 um)	Mycenoid species (Fayodia gracilipes)

730a (727b)  cap when young conic to bellshaped or hemispheric, if depressed or umbilicate then with margin appressed to stem when young	Mycenoid species
730b	cap more or less depressed, umbilicate, or funnel-shaped, cap margin not appressed to stem when young	731

731a	fruitbody with some pinkish, lilac, or vinaceous tints, gills whitish	Clitocybe (Lepista)
731b	fruitbody lacking such tints, or if with vinaceous tints then gills vinaceous; gills often cap-colored	[Omphalinoid species]

732a (703b)  spores white, pinkish-cream, cream, yellow, orange-cream	733
732b	spores pink, pinkish-brown, reddish-brown, brown, black	746

733a	stem base thickened, sclerotium-like, often hollow, cap surface with removable granules or scales	Squamanita
733b	stem base not thickened and sclerotium like, or cap surface without removable granules or scales	734

734a	gills serrate, fruitbody tough and leathery	Lentinellus & Neolentinus
734b	gills not serrate, fruitbody fleshy and soft	735

735a	gills decurrent and forking	736
735b	gills decurrent, may anastomose near stem, but not regularly forking	737

736a	gills white to pinkish, usually red or red-brown where bruised, cap grayish, dry and umbonate	[Omphalinoid species (Cantharellula umbonata)]
736b	cap and gills orange or brown, rarely whitish, gills not turning red or red-brown where bruised, odor mild	Gilled boletes (Hygrophoropsis)
736c	cap and gills pinkish to cream, gills not turning red or red-brown where bruised, fragrant odor of bubblegum, cinnamon candy or grape soda	
		[Omphalinoid species (Aphroditeola olida)]

737a	(735b)  fruitbody densely cespitose or clustered or in rings, or gills where pressed blackening or bluing or turning red, (and usually bluing with PDAB)		
		Lyophyllum and Allies (Lyophyllum)
737b	fruitbody habit various, and gills not blackening or bluing or turning red (may turn brown)	738

738a	growing on wood, gill edge fringed with large bead-like cells (under hand lens)	Tricholomopsis
738b	not growing on wood or gill edge not fringed	739

739a	cap at least on disc with scattered bristles or removable scales, fruitbody often with black rhizomorphs at base of stem, annulus usually present	Armillaria
739b	with neither scattered bristles nor removable scales on cap nor black rhizomorphs at base of stem, annulus not present	740

740a	(913a)  growing on ground, and has one of following features: a) base or stem retains large clump of humus bound up by masses of white mycelium, or b) cap 10-40 cm wide, whitish to yellowish, and sturdy hard flesh has bitter taste	Leucopaxillus*
740b	not growing on ground or not with either of the two features	741

741a	fruitbodies on buried wood or logs and sticks above ground, stem surface cracked into small scales or furfuraceous	Clitocybula*
741b	fruitbodies not on wood or stem surface neither cracked into small scales nor furfuraceous	742

742a	cap dry yellow 8-20 cm wide, short thick dry yellow stem, growing under conifers	Cantharocybe gruberi*
742b	cap not dry yellow 8-20 cm wide, or stem not with thick, dry and yellow features, habitat may be different	743

743a	spores pinkish-cream	Clitocybe (Lepista)
743b	spores white	744

744a	cap, stem, and often gills gray-brown to dark umber-brown, cap 2.5-8 cm wide, hygrophanous, cap margin usually striate or inrolled, gills occasionally forked, stem 0.3-0.8 cm wide at top, (amyloid spores, clampless septa)	Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis*
744b	not with above combination of features	745

745a	cap, stem, and presumably gills pale tan, cap up to 4 cm wide, hygrophanous, stem about 0.5 cm wide at top, (amyloid spores, clampless septa), rare	
		[Omphalinoid species (Cantharellula oregonensis)]
745b	not with above combination of features	Clitocybe

746a (732b)  gills easily removable from cap, brownish or bright yellow	747
746b	gills not easily removable from cap or gills not brownish or bright yellow	748

747a	cap reddish to purplish-brown or olive-green, cap surface turning blue with KOH, gills bright yellow	Gilled boletes (Phylloporus)
747b	cap ocher-brown, brown, olive, or black, cap surface not turning blue with KOH, gills brownish	Gilled boletes (Paxillus)

748a (746b) spores pale pink to very faintly pinkish-brown or creamy pink	Clitocybe (Lepista)
748b	spores pinkish brown, salmon-brown, reddish-brown, bright rust-brown, earth-brown, or black	749

749a	spores pinkish brown, salmon-brown, or reddish-brown	Entolomataceae
749b	spores bright rust-brown, earth-brown, or black	750

750a	spores bright rust-brown, growing on wood, taste bitter	Gymnopilus
750b	spores earth-brown, black-brown, olive-sepia, or black, if on wood, taste not bitter	751

751a	spores earth-brown, terrestrial, rarely on wood	Agrocybe (including Cyclocybe)
751b	spores black, black-brown, or olive-sepia, terrestrial	752

752a	flesh of cap orange, veil fibrillose, gills buff to yellow		
		Gomphidiaceae (Chroogomphus)
752b	flesh of cap white to pink, veil viscid, gills white to pallid at first, soon grayish	Gomphidiaceae (Gomphidius)

* * *

801a	(701b)  stem 0.1-0.4 cm wide, often fibrous-pliant or fragile and brittle, at times with a brittle or cartilaginous rind and fibrous center, cap flesh usually less than 0.3 cm thick, often membranous	802
801b	stem 0.5 cm or more thick, typically fleshy, cap flesh 0.3-0.5 cm or more thick	901

802a	with lateral branches on stem, growing on dead mushrooms	
		Collybioid species (Dendrocollybia)  
802b	growing elsewhere, or if on mushrooms lacking lateral branches on stem	803

803a	growing on dead mushrooms, growing from sclerotium or with stem less than 0.1 cm wide	Collybioid species (Collybia)
803b	growing elsewhere, or if on dead Russulaceae, cap surface and flesh breaking into powdery mass, or gills distorted, or sour to farinaceous odor	804

804a	usually growing on dead Russulaceae, with one of following characteristics: a) cap surface and flesh breaking into powdery mass, b) gills poorly developed or distorted or anastomosing, or c) strong sour to farinaceous odor	Lyophyllum and Allies (Asterophora)
804b	growing elsewhere, or if on dead mushrooms, not with characteristics above	805

805a	spores white, pale cream, pale yellowish or pale ochraceous	809
805b	spores pale pink, pinkish, reddish brown, another shade of brown (may be clay-color but not pale ochraceous), gray, or black 	806

806a	spores pale pink to pinkish-cream or pinkish-buff	848
806b	spores salmon-brown, pinkish brown, reddish brown, another shade of brown, gray, or black	807

807a	spores salmon-brown, pinkish brown, or reddish-brown	Entolomataceae
807b	spores reddish, clay-colored, cinnamon-brown, rust-brown, rust-yellow, umber, earth-brown, tobacco-brown, purple brown, gray or black	808

808a	spores reddish, clay-colored, cinnamon-brown, rust-brown, rust-yellow, umber, earth-brown, tobacco-brown	850
808b	spores purple-brown, black-brown, gray, smoky, or black	875

809a	(805a)  fruitbodies on moss, cap 2-5 cm wide, hygrophanous gray-brown, often umbilicate, may have farinaceous odor and taste, (have round spores with blunt spines), rare	[Omphalinoid species (Omphaliaster)]
809b	not with above combination of features	810

810a	fruitbody fragile, cap usually bellshaped to conic, rarely broadly convex, cap margin typically appressed to stem when young	811
810b	fruitbody variable in consistency, cap convex, broadly convex, parabolic or flat	819

811a	dry fruitbody reviving when moistened, stem often tough and horny or stiff	
		Marasmioid species (Marasmius)
811b	dry fruitbody not reviving when moistened	812

812a	stem exuding juice when cut	813
812b	stem not exuding juice when cut	814

813a	stem and cap exuding watery juice when cut	Mycenoid species (Hydropus)
813b	stem exuding colored or white juice when cut, or if stem exuding watery juice then cap not exuding watery juice	Mycenoid species (Mycena)

814a	(812b)  fruitbody small, soft, dry, cap 0.2-3 cm wide, white to slightly cream-yellowish or slightly ocher-brown, (spores inamyloid)	
		Mycenoid species (Hemimycena)
814b	not with above combination of features	815

815a	stem granular, hairy-bristly, velvety, or floccose; if stem is merely pruinose, either the cap is pruinose to velvety at least when young, or gills are marginate	816
815b	stem bald or pruinose, if pruinose then cap is bald	817

816a	stem stiff and pruinose, gills not marginate	Mycenoid species (Mycenella)
816b	stem soft and fleshy, velvety to floccose, if stem merely pruinose then gills marginate	Mycenoid species (Hydropus)

817a (815b)  (spores appear spiny) 	818
817b	spores do not appear spiny or spores not examined	Mycenoid species

818a	(large cystidia scattered to abundant, 44-66 x 9-12 um)	
		Mycenoid species (Gamundia leucophylla)
818b	(cystidia if present are small, 25-30 x 7-9 um)	
		Mycenoid species (Fayodia gracilipes)

819a (810b)  growing on dead hardwood, cap 0.4-1.2 cm wide, white, stem typically lateral to absent but rarely central	Pleurotoid species (Cheimonophyllum)
819b	not with above combination of features	820

820a	surface of cap and stem granular, fruitbodies ocher-yellow, ocher-brown, orange-brown, red-brown, dingy white, vinaceous, or red-purple, stem typically with floccose annular zone	Cystoderma (key including Cystodermella)
820b	surface of cap and stem not granular, or fruitbodies a different color	821

821a	usually growing on dead Russulaceae, with one of following characteristics: a) cap surface and flesh breaking into powdery mass, b) gills poorly developed or distorted or anastomosing, or c) strong sour to farinaceous odor	
		Lyophyllum and Allies (Asterophora)
821b	not growing on dead Russulae or not with any of those characteristics	822

822a	stem base with yellowish to orangish hairs	[Xeromphalina]
822b	stem base not with yellowish to orangish hairs	823

823a	stem rigid and horny or tough and elastic, reviving when moistened but cap not with long hairs	Marasmoid species (Marasmius)
823b	stem not rigid and horny and not tough or elastic, or fruitbody not reviving when moistened after drying; cap hairy or not	824

824a (912a)  with one of the following features: a) some part of fruitbody blackening or bluing with bruising, b) in large cespitose clusters with large fleshy stems, c) (gills staining blue with PDAB)	Lyophyllum and Allies (Lyophyllum)
824b	not with any of the above features	825

825a	cap gray, gray-brown, olive-brown or blackish-brown, gills white, growing on ground	826
825b	cap or gills a different color, habitat various	828

826a	cap surface gelatinous or slippery when fresh, on burnt ground	
		Mycenoid species (Myxomphalia maura)
826b	cap surface not gelatinous or slippery when fresh, not typically on burnt ground	827

827a	(large cystidia scattered to abundant, 44-66 x 9-12 um)	
		Mycenoid species (Gamundia leucophylla)
827b	(cystidia if present are small, 25-30 x 7-9 um)	Mycenoid species (Fayodia gracilipes)

828a	(825b)  growing on wood, cones, or dead plant remains	829
828b	growing on ground or humus or old mushrooms	840

829a	cap usually less than 1.0 cm wide and with long hairs under hand lens, stem threadlike	Marasmioid species (Crinipellis)
829b	cap larger or not having long hairs under hand lens, or stem not threadlike	830

830a	cap usually less than 1.5 cm wide, whitish, stem insititious or nearly insititious and whitish with brownish to brownish black base, growing on dead plant remains and twigs	Marasmioid species (Marasmiellus)
830b	not with above combination of features	831

831a	cap viscid to slippery or dry, yellowish to orange, stem velvety to hairy	Flammulina*
831b	cap dry or slippery but not viscid, various colors, stem tomentose, furfuraceous, pruinose or bald	832

832a	fruitbody yellow-brown with olivaceous tint, olivaceous, or green when fresh, becoming deep vinaceous on drying	Callistosporium luteo-olivaceum*
832b	fruitbody a different color	833

833a	cap whitish, or pale gray, or grayish brown with darker disk; cap appressed-fibrillose, sometimes radially cracked, 1-6 cm wide, gills crowded to subdistant, with moderate breadth, stem not yellowing at base, growth gregarious to cespitose, (spores amyloid)	Clitocybula*
833b	not with above combination of features	834

834a	strong odor of cucumber or fish, dark brown cap with paler margin, gill edge with large cells visible with hand lens	Macrocystidia cucumis*
834b	odor different, cap a different color, or gills without fringe under hand lens	835

835a	fruitbody with threadlike stem or stem tapering toward base, odor of garlic, onion, or rotting cabbage	836
835b	fruitbody with neither threadlike nor tapering stem, or odor different	837

836a	(845a) stem insititious	Marasmioid species (Micromphale)
836b	stem not insititious	Collybioid species

837a	(835b)  cap 4-15 cm wide, growing on mouldy foliage, coniferous wood, or buried wood	838
837b	cap 0.5-4.0 cm wide, typically from cones but also woody debris	839

838a	gill edge ciliate due to large cells under hand lens, stem not rooting	Tricholomopsis
838b	gill edge not ciliate, stem rooting	Collybioid species

839a	(837b)  cap flat to convex; gills pallid to violet, narrow and crowded; stem uniform in color	Marasmioid species (Baeospora)
839b	cap variable in shape; gills white and close; stem white at top becoming yellow to yellow-orange toward base	Marasmioid species (Strobilurus)

840a (828b)  cap broadly convex becoming flat-convex to flat, often obtusely umbonate, gills abruptly adnexed to adnexed, narrow and crowded, stem round in cross-section, longitudinally striate, and equal	[Melanoleuca]
840b	not with above combination of features	841

841a	stem with prominent branches arising at right angles	Collybioid species (Dendrocollybia)
841b	stem not with branches at right angles	842

842a	fruitbodies arising from a sclerotium or growing on dead mushrooms	
		Collybioid species (Collybia)
842b	fruitbodies neither arising from a sclerotium nor growing on dead mushrooms	843

843a	cap less than 1.0 cm wide, with long hairs especially on margin, stem threadlike		
		Marasmoid species (Crinipellis)
843b	cap larger or without long hairs, or stem not threadlike	844

844a	odor strong of cucumber or fish, dark brown cap with paler margin, cells on gill edge visible with hand lens	Macrocystidia cucumis*
844b	odor otherwise, or cap not dark brown with paler margin, or cells on gill edge not visible with hand lens	845

845a	odor of garlic, onion, or rotting cabbage	836
845b	odor not of garlic, onion, or rotting cabbage	846

846a	gills adnate or adnexed, cap flesh thin	Collybioid species
846b	gills abruptly adnexed or if adnexed or broadly adnate, cap flesh thick	847

847a	gills broadly adnate, spores white	Clitocybe
847b	gills abruptly adnexed or notched, spores cream to yellow in heavy deposit	
		Collybioid species (Rhodocollybia)

848a	(806a) stem relatively stiff, odor strong of fish or cucumber, dark brown cap with paler margin, gills with long cells visible under hand lens		
		Macrocystidia cucumis*
848b	not with above combination of features	849

849a	gills broadly adnate	Clitocybe
849b	gills abruptly adnexed	Collybioid species (Rhodocollybia)

850a (808a) spores dark reddish in mass, stem extremely fragile	[Psathyrella]
850b	spores not dark reddish in mass or stem not extremely fragile	851

851a	spores and gills bright rusty brown, growing on wood, taste bitter	Gymnopilus
851b	spores and gills not bright rusty brown, or not growing on wood, or taste not bitter	852

852a	stem long and often rooting, cartilaginous or brittle but with fibrous center, cap typically conic, bellshaped, or convex-bellshaped or at least acutely umbonate, typically viscid	Phaeocollybia
852b	not with above combination of features	853

853a	cap viscid to glutinous	854
853b	cap dry to moist	857

854a	cap thick and when viscid not striate, growing on ground, stem fleshy to fibrous, spores rust-brown, cortina present and distinct in button stage	[Cortinarius]
854b	cap thin and striate when moist, growing on ground or wood, stem fragile to horny, spores rust-brown to tobacco-brown or hazel to milky-coffee, cortina absent	855

855a	growing on ground, stem horny, spores hazel to milky-coffee	Stagnicola perplexa*
855b	growing on wood or terrestrial, stem fragile, spores rust-brown to tobacco-brown	856

856a	cap white, yellow, violet-gray and pleated to grooved at least young	Bolbitius*
856b	cap brown or orange-brown, not pleated or grooved but often striate	[Galerina]

857a	(853b)  spores bright rust-brown, rust-yellow, clay-colored, cinnamon-brown	858
857b	spores umber-brown or tobacco-brown	873

858a	growing on wood, cap granular to scaly	Phaeomarasmius*
858b	growing on humus or if on wood, cap not granular to scaly	859

859a	cortina present and distinctly evident when young	[Cortinarius]
859b	cortina absent, or if present not distinctly evident when young	860

860a	cap pleated to furrowed at least when young	Bolbitius*
860b	cap not pleated to furrowed	861

861a	odor cucumber or fishy, dark brown cap with paler margin, gills whitish to reddish-ocher, stem relatively stiff, velvety	Macrocystidia cucumis*
861b	not with above combination of features	862

862a	on burnt ground among the moss Funaria hygrometrica, gills rust-yellow to rust-brown, cap dry, 1-4 cm wide	Pholiota (Crassisporium)
862b	not with above combination of features	863

863a	scattered or in groups or clusters on wood, gills adnate to slightly decurrent, spores ocher to dark reddish cinnamon or rust brown, hygrophanous moist or dry reddish or reddish brown cap and pinkish brownish flesh, cap 1-5 cm with white fibrils especially near margin, base usually with white mycelial mat	Tubaria*
863b	not with above combination of features	864

864a	growing on ground, stem horny, spores hazel to milky-coffee	Stagnicola perplexa*
864b	growing on wood or terrestrial, either stem not horny or spores some other shade of brown	865

865a	cap cuticle cellular, spores with germ pore, cannot be separated reliably without microscope from Galerina which has filamentous cap cuticle and spores without germ pore, but dry (may appear moist in wet weather), with hoary sheen or pruinose, may be striate	[Conocybe]
865b	not with above combination of features	866

866a	cap margin straight at first, cap typically conic to bellshaped, sometimes convex, cap surface moist to viscid (may appear dry in dry weather), usually without hoary sheen, and often distinctly striate, stem fragile and often pruinose at top	[Galerina]
866b	cap margin at first inrolled to incurved, cap rarely conic, more typically parabolic, stem not as fragile, and not pruinose at top	867

867a	(933a) fruitbody collybioid in stature, growing with alder, cap dry to hygrophanous and somewhat scabrous to scurfy, stem narrow, equal and not particularly fragile	Naucoria*
867b	not with above combination of features	868

868a	on burnt ground among the moss Funaria hygrometrica, gills rust-yellow to rust-brown, cap dry	Pholiota (Crassisporium)
868b	not with above combination of features	869

869a	membranous partial veil present in button stage, annulus often present in young stages, but often fleeting	870
869b	membranous partial veil and annulus absent in all stages, small fruitbodies	871

870a	on stumps or wood remains, stem may be scaly below annulus, cap hygrophanous and gray-brown to ocher-brown	Pholiota (Kuehneromyces)
870b	terrestrial or rarely on wood, stem not scaly below annulus, cap not both hygrophanous and gray-brown to ocher-brown	Agrocybe

871a	(869b)  spores fawn to purple brown, growing on monocots	Deconica caricicola*
871b	spores another shade of brown or not growing on monocots	872

872a	spores deep rust-brown to rust-yellow	Naucoria*
872b	spores brown, fuscous-brown or olivaceous-umber, cap often with olivaceous tone, growing on wood or plant remains	[Simocybe]

873a (857b) stem extremely fragile, cap fibrillose, gills often purplish-violet	[Psathyrella]
873b	stem not extremely fragile or cap not fibrillose	874

874a	cap olive to olive-brown or yellow-brown, stem pruinose, cortina absent	[Simocybe]
874b	cap greenish, greenish-yellow, yellow-orange to reddish, stem not pruinose, cortina present but often fleeting	Strophariaceae (Hypholoma)

875a	(808b, 904b)  fruitbodies on monocots, spores fawn to purple brown, fruitbodies small with slender stem typically less than 0.1 cm wide, cap less than 0.7 cm wide, dry not striate	Deconica caricicola*
875b	fruitbodies not on monocots, or spores another color, or stem greater than 0.1 cm wide, or cap viscid or distinctly striate	876

876a	fruitbodies on wet soil under conifers and alders or along margins of bogs among mosses, spores pale purplish-brown, cap 1-3 cm hygrophanous orange-brown shiny striate, stem 0.1-0.2 cm wide, cartilaginous to horny	
		Mythicomyces corneipes*
876b	fruitbodies on wood, dung, or in grass or humus, cap viscid or dry, if stem is less than 0.2 cm wide then very fragile and snaps easily, often striate	877

877a	cap dry	878
877b	cap moist, slippery, viscid, or slimy	881

878a	cortina present in button stage but typically fleeting, stem fleshy to fibrous and not fragile, annulus absent, cap yellow, olivaceous-brown, red, or yellow-brown, fruitbodies on wood or in Sphagnum bogs, cap shiny under hand lens	Strophariaceae (Hypholoma)
878b	not with the above features, cap surface dull under hand lens	879

879a	gills dark brown and spotted, cap dark at first becoming pale, growing in grass	Panaeolus
879b	gills not dark brown or not spotted, or cap not dark at first becoming pale, or habitat different	880

880a	cap pleated-striate	Coprinoid Species (Pseudocoprinus)
880b	cap not pleated-striate	[Psathyrella]

881a	(877b) gills mottled with spore maturity, annulus present or absent, cap 2-10 cm wide, pallid to pale ochraceous, growing on dung	Panaeolus
881b	not with above combination of features	882

882a	annulus absent, cap 0.5-2.0 (7.5) cm wide, yellow-brown to brown, at most greasy, at times acutely umbonate to conic	Strophariaceae (Psilocybe)
882b	annulus present or absent, cap 2-12 cm wide, white, yellow, brown, reddish, or greenish, often viscid, never acutely umbonate or conic	Strophariaceae (Stropharia)

* * *

901a (801b) spores white to pale cream to yellow	905
901b	spores pinkish, rust-yellow, some shade of brown, or black	902

902a	spores pink, pinkish-cream, or pinkish buff	921
902b	spores pinkish-brown, salmon-brown, some other shade of brown, rust-yellow, or black	903
903a	spores pinkish-brown or salmon-brown	Entolomataceae
903b	spores brown, rust-yellow or black	904

904a	spores clay-colored, rust-yellow, cinnamon-brown, milky-coffee-brown, dark brown, earth-brown, reddish-brown, rust-brown, umber-brown, or tobacco-brown	922
904b	spores purple-brown, blackish-brown, or black	875

905a	(901a)  gills notched	906
905b	gills abruptly adnexed, adnexed, or adnate	908

906a	spores white, stem with tough outer rind, broad frequently eroded gills, cap 4-12 cm, nonviscid often radially streaked, and dark brown to grayish-brown or pallid with dark center	Tricholomopsis key (Megacollybia platyphylla)
906b	not with above combination of features	907

907a	spores white or yellow, stem with brittle or cartilaginous outer rind	
		Collybioid species (Rhodocollybia)
907b	spores white, pale cream, or cream, stem without a brittle or cartilaginous outer rind	914

908a	(905b) stem rooting, tapering to a point and often buried in ground	Collybioid species
908b	stem not both rooting and tapering to a point	909

909a	stem with sclerotium or bulb-like base that is often hollow but is not marginate, cap with easily removed granules or scales	Squamanita
909b	stem lacking the combination of sclerotium or bulb like base and cap with easily removed granules	910

910a	cap viscid, stem velvety and cartilaginous or brittle, although sometimes quite tough or thick, fruitbodies typically on wood	Flammulina*
910b	cap not viscid or stem not velvety and cartilaginous or brittle, habitat various	911

911a	gill edge ciliate (fringed) due to large cells easily visible under hand lens	Tricholomopsis
911b	gill edge not fringed	912

912a	gills adnate or adnexed, cap flesh thin	824
912b	gills abruptly adnexed, or if adnexed to broadly adnate then cap flesh is thick	913

913a	gills broadly adnate	740
913b	gills abruptly adnexed, or adnexed	914

914a (907b) gills thick and waxy-looking	602
914b	gills not thick and waxy-looking	915

915a	fruitbody pinkish or purple-red to wine-red, odor mild to farinaceous		
		Lyophyllum and Allies (Calocybe)
915b	fruitbody a different color, or odor different	916

916a	fruitbodies more or less densely cespitose or in clusters or rings, or gills turning blue or black when bruised, (or gills bluing with PDAB)	
		Lyophyllum and Allies (Lyophyllum)
916b	not with any of the above features	917

917a	growing on wood, gill edge ciliate (fringed) due to large cells visible with hand lens	Tricholomopsis
917b	not growing on wood, or gill edge not fringed	918

918a	cap broadly convex to flat-convex becoming flat, often obtusely umbonate, suede-like to the touch, gills narrow and crowded, stem equal, longitudinally striate	[Melanoleuca]
918b	not with the above combination of features	919

919a	with an inrolled margin at least when young, and has one of following features a) base or stem retains large clump of humus bound up my masses of white mycelium, or b) cap 10-40 cm wide, whitish to yellowish, and sturdy hard flesh has bitter taste	Leucopaxillus*
919b	not with an inrolled margin or not having either of those features	920

920a	fruitbody pinkish or purple-red to wine-red	Lyophyllum and Allies (Calocybe)
920b	fruitbody colored otherwise	Tricholoma

921a	(902a)  stem rooting or tapered at base, longitudinally striate with a cartilaginous rind and fleshy interior, fruitbodies may stain reddish	Collybioid species (Rhodocollybia)
921b	stem not rooting or tapered and not longitudinally striate, fleshy throughout, fruitbodies not staining reddish	Clitocybe (Lepista)

922a 	(904a)  gills readily removed from cap	923
922b	gills not readily removed from cap	924

923a	cap reddish to purplish-brown or olive-green, cap surface turning blue with KOH, gills bright yellow	Gilled boletes (Phylloporus)
923b	cap ocher-brown, brown, olive, or black, cap surface not turning blue with KOH, gills brownish	Gilled boletes (Paxillus)

924a	(922b)  spores clay-colored to bright rusty-brown, gills bright yellow to bright rusty-brown, cap more than 1.5 cm wide, brightly colored, taste bitter, growing on wood	Gymnopilus
924b	not with the above combination of features	925

925a	spores dark brown or black-brown, cap bald, greenish, greenish-yellow, reddish-ochraceous, or yellow-brown, taste often bitter, cortina present but often fleeting, fruitbodies on peat, bogs, or wood	Strophariaceae (Hypholoma)
925b	not with the above combination of features	926

926a	cap 1-5 cm wide, yellow-brown, and with a lighter margin, gills with a whitish edge, stem pruinose at top, odor indistinct, growing on burned wood or burned ground	Pholiota
926b	not with the above combination of features	927

927a	gills with whitish gill edge, stem pruinose at top, spores reddish-brown to clay-colored to umber	928
927b	gills without whitish edge, or if so then the stem not pruinose, spores either rust-brown to rust-yellow or umber-brown, earth-brown, milky-coffee-brown, or tobacco-brown	929

928a 	cap often dry and cracked, surface fibrillose, fibrillose-scaly, or scaly; odor often spermatic or some other distinctive smell like fishy, fruity, green corn, bruised Geranium leaves, or like Lycoperdon flesh	Inocybe
928b	cap usually viscid, sticky to touch, surface smooth, never cracked or scaly; odor usually like radish but also may be like burnt sugar, saccharine, sweet, orange blossoms, cocoa, or mild	[Hebeloma]

929a	(927b)  spores umber-brown, earth-brown, milky-coffee-brown, or tobacco-brown	930
929b	spores rust-brown to rust-yellow	931

930a	stem dry and without conspicuous scales, cap bald and dry, growing on ground, on dung, on decaying wood, or on wood chips	Agrocybe (including Cyclocybe)
930b	stem typically scaly, at least on basal part, rarely bald, cap either fibrillose to scaly, or bald and slippery to viscid or slimy, growing typically on wood, wood chips, or rarely on hard-packed soil	Pholiota

931a (929b)  cap conic to bellshaped, bald, viscid or moist, stem rooting, fruitbodies often clustered to gregarious or nearly cespitose	Phaeocollybia
931b	not with the above combination of features	932

932a	cortina evident in young stages, if cortina overlooked the stem typically either viscid or with fibrils that represent the remnants of the cortina	[Cortinarius]
932b	cortina not evident in young stages	933

933a	fruitbody with yellow-brown, tobacco-brown, red-brown, or umber-brown colors, fruitbodies under alder, willow, birch, or in mosses	867
933b	fruitbody variable in color but usually brighter or lighter than above, typically growing on wood, if on humus then not associated with alder, willow, birch, or mosses	Pholiota
DESCRIPTIONS FOR SPECIES NOT ASSIGNED TO OTHER KEYS

Bolbitius titubans  (Bull.) Fr.
CAP 1-7 cm across when expanded, ovoid to conic or bell-shaped when young, often becoming flat when old but often retaining a small central umbo; bright yellow to pale yellow, often fading when old; smooth, viscid or slimy when moist, margin striate, often becoming grooved nearly to center; flesh thin, soft; yellowish. GILLS free or nearly free, close, narrow, thin, soft, dissolving somewhat in wet weather; straw-colored then then tinged rust and finally deep rusty tawny. STEM 3-12cm x 0.2-0.8cm, equal or widening in lower part, hollow, fragile; whitish to pale yellow; often pruinose or flocculose. VEIL absent. ODOR and TASTE  indistinct. FRUITING single, scattered or gregarious (or even cespitose) on dung, manure, straw, rotting vegetable debris, cultivated ground, grass, and at margins of woods. DISTRIBUTION BC, WA, OR, ID. SPORE COLOR rusty orange to rusty brown or ocher brown. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 10-16 x 6-9 um, elliptic, smooth, truncate from large germ pore; basidia 4-spored; pleurocystidia rare, when present lageniform, cheilocystidia variable, utriform or lageniform with long or short neck, intermixed with a few colorless inflated cells, 30-50 x 14-20 um; clamp connections absent. REMARKS Breitenbach & Kränzlin give the opinion that Bolbitius reticulatus(Pers.: Fr.) Ricken with a lilac, reticulate-venose cap and B. variicolor G.F. Atk., with an olive-yellow to olive-brown, sometimes venose cap, are not separate species but only deviations from the type of B. vitellinus (here B. titubans) caused by substrate, age, or weather, especially since the microscopic features do not show any marked differences. Another Bolbitius reported from the Pacific Northwest is Bolbitius aleuriatus with a gray or gray-brown cap. SOURCES  Watling(1), Arora(1)*, Lincoff(2)*, Lincoff(1)*, Schalkwijk-Barendsen(1)*, Courtecuisse(1)*, Barron(1)*, Breitenbach(4)*

Callistosporium luteo-olivaceum  (Berk. & Curt) Singer
CAP 1.5-6.5 cm, convex or slightly umbonate becoming flat or shallowly depressed; dark olive to olive brown or olive yellow, often becoming yellower when old and developing dark reddish brown tones when dried; not viscid, often finely scurfy at first but becoming smooth; flesh thin, pallid or yellowish or tinged cap color. ODOR mild to pungent or slightly fruity. TASTE mild or slightly bitter. GILLS notched or adnexed or adnate, close, yellow, tending to redden when dried. STEM 2.5-7 x 0.3-1 cm, more or less equal, often flattened; colored like cap or slightly darker, tending to turn deep red-brown from the base up as it dries; smooth to fibrillose or scurfy especially over lower part, sometimes streaked when old. FRUITING single, scattered or in small groups or cespitose, on rotten wood under conifers. DISTRIBUTION at least BC, WA. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 4.5-6.5 x 3-4.5 um according to Arora, (7-8 (8.5) x 3.5 um and larger for 2-spored or 1-spored basidia according to Favre quoted by Redhead), elliptic to nearly round, smooth, inamyloid; pleurocystidia absent, cheilocystidia generally present, rarely exceeding basidia, 10-39 x 2.5-5 um, clavate to filamentous, usually with contorted appearance, sometimes sparingly branched. REMARKS stature of a Collybia and originally in that genus, but distinguished by olive and yellow coloration and tendency to grow on rotten wood. SOURCES Arora, Redhead(23), Lennox.

Cantharocybe gruberi  (A.H. Sm.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Sm.
CAP 8-20 cm, convex with inrolled margin; pale yellow to lemon yellow drying darker yellow; dry, unpolished, tomentose at the edge at first; flesh thick, firm, white, unchanging when cut or bruised. ODOR radishlike, somewhat sweetish, or like green pepper, or farinaceous. TASTE similar to odor or mild. GILLS long decurrent, ends unequal at top of stem, close, about 3 tiers of subgills, narrow becoming broad, anastomosing or forming a network at top of stem; colored as cap or paler and duller. STEM 3-5 x 1.5-2.5 cm, short and thick, firm, solid; colored as cap or darker yellow; bald. FRUITING single, on needle beds and soil under conifers. DISTRIBUTION found at least ID (Smith), WA (by Janet Lindgren, Jennifer Schmidt). SPORE COLOR white or pale lemon yellow. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 11-16 (17.5) x (4.5) 6-7.5 um, elliptic to almost cylindric, smooth, inamyloid; pleurocystidia rare, adjacent to gill edge when present, similar to cheilocystidia in size and shape, cheilocystidia abundant, 33-75 um long, 4-7.5 (1) um broad in swollen portion, usually lageniform to lecythiform, apices branched at times, colorless, thin-walled, smooth; clamps present. REMARKS distinctive features are large size, yellow color of dry cap and stem, decurrent close gills that anastomose near stem and are colored as cap or paler and duller, white or pale lemon yellow spore deposit, large elliptic to subcylindric spores, and the presence of cheilocystidia. SOURCES Bigelow(1), Smith(17).

Catathelasma imperiale (Fr.) Singer   imperial cat 
CAP 10-40 cm, convex to flat with incurved margin at first; blackish brown to dingy brown, dingy yellow-brown, or olive-brown; slightly viscid when moist but soon dry, smooth, fibrillose-scaly, or cracked into scales or plaques; flesh very thick (up to 15cm!) and hard, white. ODOR floury. TASTE floury or bitter. GILLS decurrent, close, narrow in relation to flesh, many forked; pallid or buff to yellowish or pale greenish gray. STEM 12-18 x 3-8 cm, thick, narrowing to bluntly pointed base; dingy brown to pinkish buff below the annulus; dry; annulus membranous, two-layered, lower surface often areolate (like cracked mud) while still covering gills, typically forming double ring, the upper one thick, striate above and often flaring, the lower one sheathing stem as a thin membrane or gelatinous zone. FRUITING single, scattered, or in groups on ground under conifers (especially spruce and fir). DISTRIBUTION BC, WA, OR, ID. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 10-15 x 4-5.5 um, cylindric, smooth, amyloid; marginal cells on gill edges 37-70 x 2.5-3.5 um, cylindric, some flexuous. REMARKS C. ventricosum has dingy whitish to grayish cap which is not viscid. SOURCES Arora, Phillips, Lincoff(1), Lincoff(2), Courtecuisse, Breitenbach(3)

Catathelasma ventricosum  (Peck) Singer   swollen-stalked cat 
CAP 7-15(35) cm, dingy whitish to brownish or grayish; dry, smooth, patchy with age; flesh hard, thick, white. ODOR reported as not distinctive and as cucumber-farinaceous. TASTE mildly unpleasant. GILLS decurrent, close to nearly distant, narrow to broad; whitish to buff. STEM 5-15 x 2.5-6 cm, short and stout, narrowing toward base and deep in soil; white above double annulus and yellow-brown below it; dry; annulus two-layered flaring, upper layer hairy, lower membranous. FRUITING under conifers especially spruce. DISTRIBUTION mentioned by Jumpponen et al. for WA, but appears more widely in Pacific Northwest on foray lists. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 9-12 x 4-5.5 um, elliptic, smooth, amyloid. REMARKS Tricholoma magnivelare somewhat similar but has spicy odor and lacks double veil. C. imperiale taller and usually larger than and has sticky dark cap when young. SOURCES Phillips, Lincoff(2), Bessette(2), Barron, Jumpponen

Cleistocybe gomphidioides (A.H. Sm.) Ammirati, A.D. Parker, & Matheny
CAP 5-9 cm across, flat at first with inrolled margin, becoming broadly convex with disc depressed or flat; reddish brown to cinnamon brown on disc, paler toward margin; viscid, with streaks of agglutinated fibrils or scaly or finely tomentose then bald when old, disc with minute scales or minutely areolate, margin at times fringed with veil remnants; flesh thick, firm, whitish or brownish. ODOR and TASTE strongly rancid farinaceous. GILLS short-decurrent or long-decurrent, close to crowded or subdistant, narrow to moderately broad, often forked; pinkish buff to light pinkish brown when young, light gray to gray, darkening when old. STEM 3-9 x 0.8-1.5 cm, equal or club-shaped; pale gray, base darkening where handled, appressed fibrillose below ring zone, partial veil apical, thin, fibrillose to submembranous, at times annulate, at times collapsed or disappearing. FRUITING single to gregarious under conifers or in mixed forest, August to October. DISTRIBUTION found at least WA and ID, but not common. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores (6.0)7.5-11.8(15.5) x (3.5)4.0-5.5 um, elliptic, smooth, inamyloid; basidia usually 4-spored but rarely 1-3-spored; pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia absent; cap cuticle subgelatinous to gelatinous in KOH; clamp connections present. REMARKS Cleistocybe vernalis occurs in spring, has a non-gelatinous cap cuticle microscopically, has spores slightly different, and has different molecular data. Clitocybe gomphidioides A.H. Sm. and Clitocybe subvelosa A.H. Sm. & D.E. Stuntz are synonyms. SOURCES Ammirati(12), Bigelow(5), Smith(9). 

Cleistocybe vernalis Ammirati, A.D. Parker, & Matheny
CAP 2-6 cm across, convex at first with incurved margin, becoming depressed with downcurved margin, appressed-fibrillose to squamulose with vinaceous brown fibrils like kid leather over pale pinkish gray background, at times cracked-areolate and/or margin with scattered patches of submembranous veil remnants; flesh thick, firm, pale pinkish gray-brown. ODOR strongly farinaceous. GILLS decurrent, close, gills more or less equal in number to subgills, narrow; pale pinkish gray. STEM 3-6 x 0.7-1.5 cm wide, equal to slightly narrowing downward, at times 2-4 fruitbodies from common base; colored as cap; fibrillose above ring zone, with coarse irregular patches of veil tissue in lower part, annulus submembranous, superior, pale pinkish gray. FRUITING single or clustered on soil, late April to mid-May. DISTRIBUTION type found in eastern WA. SPORE COLOR presumably pale. MICROSTRUCTURES spores (6.3)7.4-10.4 x 3.7-4.8 um, elliptic to ovate, amyloid, presumably smooth; basidia 4-spored; pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia absent; cap cuticle not embedded in a gelatinous matrix; clamp connections present throughout. REMARKS Cleistocybe gomphidioides occurs in fall, has a sub-gelatinous to gelatinous cap cuticle microscopically, and has spores that are slightly different. SOURCES Ammirati(12), Trudell(4).

Clitocybula abundans  (Peck) Singer
CAP  up to 4cm across, generally about 2cm, convex becoming flat then depressed, margin inrolled at first and remaining arched, often splitting; somewhat hygrophanous, grayish tan to light fuscous, darker fuscous on disc; moist to dry, innately radially fibrillose, only slightly if at all translucent-striate; flesh thin, firm, not tough; whitish. ODOR and TASTE not distinctive. GILLS  broadly adnate to subdecurrent, close to normal spacing, rather narrow, thin, white, may be interveined. STEM up to 5 cm long and up to 0.5 cm wide, equal or slightly flared at base, generally curved both ways, round, hollow; whitish, thinly pruinose at top or throughout. FRUITING  tufted on logs or stumps of conifers. DISTRIBUTION found at least WA and OR. SPORE COLOR  white. MICROSTRUCTURES  spores 4.5-6(6.5) x 3.5-5.5 um, nearly round to ovate, smooth, amyloid; basidia 4-spored. cheilocystidia 33-50 x 7-16 um, basidioid to subsaccate, smooth, colorless, thin-walled; clamp connections present. REMARKS Clitocybula lacerata is larger, with lacerate cap and gills, and has larger more ovate to elliptic spores and lacks cystidia. SOURCES  Lennox, Bigelow(3), Barron(1)*, Breitenbach(3)*

Clitocybula atrialba  (Murrill) Singer   black and white Clitocybula
CAP  2.5-8(10)cm across, convex at first expanding to flat, disc soon depressed, finally funnel-shaped, margin at first downcurved then elevated; smoky to dark blackish brown, usually streaked with lighter brown and paler on disc; dry to moist at times but not hygrophanous, somewhat hoary or finely matted fibrillose, becoming furfuraceous, margin entire or scalloped, not striate; flesh thin; whitish near disc, cap-colored near margin. ODOR and TASTE  not distinctive. GILLS  decurrent, ends even and forming a collar on stem top, distant, narrow or broad, occasionally forked when old; grayish to whitish; intervenose, faces venose. STEM 5-12.5 cm x 0.3-1.5 cm, base somewhat enlarged; brown, paler when old, diffracted scaly to furfuraceous at top, scales dark, fibrillose streaked downward, top streaked with ridges as continuation from gills, base often with rhizomorphs. FRUITING single, scattered or somewhat tufted on buried hardwood  or less commonly on hardwood logs and sticks above ground. DISTRIBUTION at least BC, WA, OR. SPORE COLOR  white. MICROSTRUCTURES  spores (6)7.5-9 x 7-8 um, from 4-spored basidia, round or nearly round, up to 13 x 9 um, from 1- and 2-spored basidia, then broadly elliptic to subovate, smooth, amyloid; pleurocystidia none, cheilocystidia none; clamp connections present REMARKS Clitocybe avellaneialba has brownish cap and smooth stem, along with inamyloid fusoid spores. SOURCES  Bigelow(3), Lincoff(2)*, Arora(1), Bandoni(1).

Clitocybula familia  (Peck) Singer   family Clitocybula
CAP 1-4 cm across, hemispheric to convex with margin narrowly incurved at times and slightly exceeding gills, occasionally broadly lobed or faintly grooved but not pellucid-striate, disc may have slight small umbo; watery whitish or faintly smoke-tinged, moisture lost in radiating streaks but no color change; moist, bald to the eye, thinly pruinose under hand lens, margin may be torn when old; flesh white, thin, pliant or brittle. ODOR  not distinctive. TASTE  not distinctive or slightly disagreeable.. GILLS adnate or notched to nearly free, close or crowded, narrow (up to 0.4cm); white or pale gray. STEM 4-8cm x 0.15-0.3cm, compressed and fluted at times, easily splitting longitudinally, hollow; top and middle part white, base dingy and rather grayish at times; white pubescent, base woolly-hairyFRUITING  cespitose in large clusters on logs and stumps, usually on conifer wood, but occasionally on hardwood. DISTRIBUTION in the Pacific Northwest found at least in ID. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 3.5-4(5)5 um, round, smooth, amyloid; basidia 4-spored; pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia absent; clamp connections present. REMARKS Clitocybula lacerata is usually on hardwoods and has larger elliptic spores. Collybia acervata is also densely clustered on rotting conifers, but cap of Clitocybula familia is watery white to smoky-gray to brownish or tan (never reddish-brown), and stem is white to grayish. Mycena species have straight cap margin when young. SOURCES Bigelow(3), Phillips(1)*, Lincoff(2)*    

Clitocybula lacerata (Scop.) Metrod 
CAP 3-6 cm across, convex with inrolled margin, expanding to broadly convex, disc soon depressed, margin thin and soon lacerated or lobed and quite irregular; hygrophanous, dull watery gray when moist, fading as it dries to pallid ashy gray; translucent striate or streaked with dark lines; appressed  radially fibrillose; flesh thin, fragile, pallid when faded. ODOR and TASTE not distinctive. GILLS broadly adnate to subdecurrent with a tooth, distant to subdistant, broad, at times anastomosed, thin. dull gray, usually venose. STEM 1.5-5 cm x 0.2-0.5 cm, equal or widening downward, hollow, soon deeply furrowed or compressed, cartilaginous, often curved; dingy to pale gray, colored as cap or paler; moist, faintly pruinose at first, soon bald and polished, white cottony mycelioid base. FRUITING scattered to gregarious or clustered on logs or stumps of conifers or hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION in the Pacific Northwest found at least in ID. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES  spores 6-8 x 4.5-5.5 um, broadly ovate to elliptic, smooth, amyloid; basidia 4-spored; no cheilocystidia or pleurocystidia; clamp connections present. REMARKS Clitocybula familia is usually on conifers, usually in tufted clumps and has small round spores. Clitocybula abundans similar q.v. Megacollybia platyphylla is significantly larger. SOURCES  Lennox, Bigelow(3), Breitenbach(3)*.

Clitocybula oculata  (Murrill) H.E. Bigelow
CAP reaching 4.5cm across, convex to flat, slightly depressed; avellaneous (grayish brown), fuliginous (sooty) at center; dry, smooth, finely furfuraceous, margin very thin, entire, even; flesh thin. GILLS short-decurrent, distant; white. STEM 6cm x 0.5cm, equal, twisted, hollow, with tough rind; whitish with a pale avellaneous tint; furfuraceous. FRUITING type single in low woods, probably attached to buried wood. DISTRIBUTION type found at Mill City, OR in 1911. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 9-12 x 6-9 um, broadly elliptic or oval, smooth, granular, colorless, amyloid; basidia 2-spored; pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia not found; cap cutis consisting mostly of pileocystidia, usually clavate to clavate-bulbous and often pedicellate, sometimes +/- fusoid or cylindric, 19-68 x 6-12.5 um, smooth, with brownish intracellular pigment; clamps present. REMARKS Clitocybula atrialba is darker in color. SOURCES Bigelow(3).

Deconica caricicola  (P.D. Orton) Redhead 
CAP 0.3-0.6 cm, convex expanding to nearly flat, margin incurved when young, flaring with age, separable gelatinous cap skin; yellowish brown darkening to rusty yellowish brown, paler marginally, slightly viscid when moist, somewhat striate, sparsely hoary but soon nearly bald; flesh colored as cap. ODOR mild. GILLS adnate, moderately spaced, moderate breadth, subgills in 2 tiers; buff then tinged with spore color, sometimes with a pinkish tint, with paler edges. STEM 0.1-0.3 x 0.02-0.05 cm, central to slightly off-center, curved, equal or widening downwards, arising from a basal pad of whitish cottony mycelium; yellowish brown to umber brown; dry, finely fibrillose to pruinose. FRUITING on monocots: Carex (sedge), Juncus (rush), Scirpus (bulrush), grass. DISTRIBUTION at least BC. SPORE COLOR described as brown vinaceous to fawn or as violaceous umber. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 5.5-6.9 x 3-4.5 um, oval to elliptic, smooth, walls pronounced, germ pore well developed, apiculus minute; cheilocystidia abundant, forming a sterile margin, 12-25.5 x 4.5-6 um, colorless, thin-walled, base clavate to short sphaeropedunculate, with an elongated, undulating neck. REMARKS characterized by small size and habitat on monocots, well-developed gelatinous layer on ochraceous cap, distinct but small stem, and violaceous umber spore deposit; D. phillipsii lacks a well developed gelatinous cap skin, and has paler narrower spores (5-7 x 2.7-3.5 um); Melanotus caricicola is a synonym. SOURCES Redhead(33), Watling(3); Redhead(9).

Deconica horizontalis  (Bull.) Noordel.
CAP 0.8-1.8 cm, convex to flat-convex, margin incurved at first, often deeply indented on side by stem and somewhat kidney-shaped; yellow brown to orange brown or cinnamon; dry, nearly bald or appressed tomentose, opaque or slightly striate, may appear frosty; flesh up to 0.1 cm, pinkish buff to orange brown, unchanging. ODOR faintly aromatic or mild. TASTE mild. GILLS adnexed to adnate and sometimes with short decurrent teeth, close to subdistant, 2-3 tiers of subgills, narrow becoming moderately broad; light purple brown to pinkish cinnamon, staining dark brown on handling, edges whitish. STEM 0.5-1.5 x 0.1-0.5 cm, off-center but not lateral, usually distinctly curved and tapered toward base; brown, often darker than cap, often furry. FRUITING old fabrics or old carpets, seat covers of abandoned cars, mattresses, rotting blue jeans, or on wood. DISTRIBUTION at least BC, WA, OR. SPORE COLOR purple brown to dark brown. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.4-7.2 (8) x 4-5 um, elliptic to oval or somewhat almond-shaped, with an apical germ pore, smooth; pleurocystidia numerous to scattered, 17-30 (35) x 4-5 um, always embedded but with a protruding neck, easy to overlook, similar in shape to cheilocystidia, often with an apical droplet, cheilocystidia numerous, 15-30 (33) x 4-5 um, clavate, lageniform to ventricose-rostrate, neck often wavy, narrowing at top, thin-walled, often with a golden droplet up to 7 um diameter; clamps present. REMARKS features include growth on old fabric or on wood, small size, kidney-shaped dry brown cap, light purple brown to pinkish brown gills that are white-edged and stain dark brown with handling, off-center curved brown furry stem that narrows toward base, and purple brown to dark brown spore deposit; Melanotus horizontalis and Melanotus textilis are synonyms. SOURCES Redhead(18), Sime(1), Redhead(6), Watling(3).

Flammulina lupinicola  (Redhead & R.H. Petersen) C. Hahn
CAP 2-5 cm, convex, occasionally umbonate; hygrophanous, yellow brown to orange brown; striate when wet, thinly viscid. GILLS adnate or notched; whitish. STEM 2-5 x 0.2-0.7 cm, clustered; orange to orange-brown, whitish at top and dark brown at base; velvety especially on lower part. FRUITING on clusters of dead bush lupine, most common on Lupinus arboreus (yellow bush lupine). DISTRIBUTION known from CA including far north coast and likely in OR. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7-15 x 4-6.5 um, elliptic, cylindric to apple-seed-shaped, smooth, inamyloid. REMARKS The habitat is its most obvious character. SOURCES Siegel(2)*.

Flammulina populicola  Redhead & R.H. Petersen
CAP 1.5-3.3 cm, convex, somewhat umbonate; yellow brown to orange brown; somewhat striate, subviscid or pruinose. GILLS adnate; whitish. STEM 5-8 x 0.2-0.7 cm, fasciculate (bundled); yellow brown, darkening from base upwards becoming blackish brown ultimately; pruinose to velvety. FRUITING found most frequently on Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen), but occasionally on other substrates. DISTRIBUTION widespread in western and central portions of North America, at least WA (Lorelei Norvell, pers. comm.). SPORE COLOR presumably white or whitish. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6-8.7 x 3.7-4.8 um elliptic, oval or oboval, smooth, inamyloid; cheilocystidia, pileocystidia and caulocystidia lageniform or ventricose; clamps present. REMARKS Features include typically convex, dry to viscid, yellowish to orangish brown cap, whitish gills, pruinose to velvety stem that darkens from base upwards becoming blackish brown ultimately, and microscopic features. It is similar to F. velutipes, but fruiting bodies of F. populicola are more frequently found in clusters or single on the ground (somewhat rooting) at the base of trees, and are microscopically distinguishable by combination of a hymeniform to somewhat hymeniform suprapellis, (like F. rossica but not F. velutipes) with or without limited apical or basal growths, with typical pileocystidia (nearly always conspicuously projecting, unlike those of velutipes which may become embedded and/or collapse in slime), and short elliptic spores. SOURCES Redhead(37).

Flammulina rossica  Redhead & R.H. Petersen
CAP 2-5 cm, convex, somewhat umbonate; ochraceous-buff; viscid, somewhat striate. GILLS adnexed or adnate; ochraceous buff. STEM pruinose to velvety and darkening from the base up, becoming dark brown ultimately. FRUITING most frequently on Salix (willow) or on Populus, but also on other substrates. DISTRIBUTION not yet clear, but some collections clustering with the Russian type in some analyses are from western North America (Canada, US). SPORE COLOR presumably white or whitish. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.4-11 x 3.8-4.5 um, elliptic or oval, smooth, inamyloid, colorless; cheilocystidia, pileocystidia and caulocystidia lageniform or ventricose; clamps present. REMARKS Features include typically convex, viscid, ochraceous-buff cap, whitish gills, pruinose to velvety stem that darkens from base upwards becoming blackish brown ultimately, and microscopic features. It is similar to F. velutipes or F. populicola, although more frequently with very pale cap, and microscopically distinguishable by combination of hymeniform to somewhat hymeniform suprapellis (as with F. populicola but not F. velutipes) with or without limited apical or basal growths in some collections, with typical pileocystidia which may be scarce, and elongated elliptic to cylindric spores (usually 9.2-10.3 x 3.9-4.5 um). SOURCES Redhead(37).

Flammulina velutipes  (Curt.ex.Fr.) Singer   velvet-foot, velvet-stalk, winter mushroom
CAP 1-5 (7) cm, convex to flat or broadly umbonate, margin at first inrolled, often becoming wavy; reddish-brown, orange-brown or yellow-brown, spotting or staining dark brown; smooth, slimy or viscid when moist, cap skin peeling easily from cap, striate half to three-quarters of radius; flesh thin to moderately thick, firm, whitish or yellowish. ODOR and TASTE mild. GILLS adnate to adnexed or notched, subdistant to close, broad; whitish to pale yellow. STEM 2-11 x 0.2-0.5 (1.2) cm, equal or wider below, tough, often curved, round in cross-section or flattened, sometimes slightly off-center, smooth and pallid to yellowish to orange-brown when young, but developing a rusty-brown to blackish-brown velvety coating from the base upward, brown rhizomorphs at base. VEIL annulus none. FRUITING in tufts or clusters on or near stumps, logs, and roots of hardwoods, spring or fall, in the cooler part of the season, often grows through winter. DISTRIBUTION at least BC, WA, OR, (Lorelei Norvell, pers. comm.). SPORE COLOR white or pale yellow. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.5-7.5 x 3-4 um, larger from 2-spored basidia, elliptic to cylindric or pip-shaped, smooth, generally with a somewhat thickened wall, inamyloid; pleurocystidia not differentiated; cheilocystidia abundance variable, 26-57 x 9-14 um, ventricose, often pedicellate, tapering gradually upward to an obtuse broad apex, thin-walled; cap has ixotrichoderm (turf-like with gelatinized hyphae) of filamentous to branched and thorny ixohyphidia (gelatinized terminal hyphae). REMARKS cultivated as enokitake which looks different; features include smooth, slimy or viscid, yellow-orange to brownish cap, stem which is dark brown and velvety at maturity, at least in its lower part, absence of veil, clustered growth on dead hardwoods, and white spore deposit; similar to F. populicola and F. rossica which have hymeniform to somewhat hymeniform suprapellis (composed of broadly clavate, ten-pin-shaped, to sphaeropedunculate hyphal tips with scattered pileocystidia), F. populicola is more often found in clusters or single on ground (somewhat rooting) at the base of trees, and rossica more frequently exhibits a very pale cap and has elongate spores. SOURCES Lennox, Arora*, Phillips*, Lincoff(2)*, Lincoff(1)*, Ammirati*, Courtecuisse*, Bessette(2)*, Barron*, Redhead(37).

Heliocybe sulcata  (Berkeley) Redhead & Ginns   sunray mushroom
CAP 1-4 cm, convex to flat-depressed, small umbo; brown to orange-brown or cinnamon; ribbed over the gills like a small umbrella, dry, fibrillose becoming appressed scaly; flesh confluent in cap and stem, white. GILLS sinuate, close to distant, subgills present, sometimes forked near the stem; bone colored; serrate. STEM 1-3 x 0.3-0.6 cm approximately, solid; whitish near top, pinkish tan lower down; fibrillose, lined at top, base with small scales. VEIL absent. FRUITING on hardwoods, especially dry habitats such as decorticated dry wood in rail fences or debarked fallen trees. DISTRIBUTION widely distributed in North America, reported from BC by Schalkwijk-Barendsen. SPORE COLOR white to orange buff. MICROSTRUCTURES 11-16 (20) x 5-7 um, bean-shaped in profile, presumably elliptic to oblong in face view, pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia 60-90 (110) um, subcylindric; no clamps. REMARKS features include convex dry cap with small umbo which is brown to orange brown, ribbed, and fibrillose-scaly, gills serrated as Neolentinus, fibrillose dry stem that is whitish near top and pinkish tan lower down, growth on hardwoods, and elongated spores. SOURCES Schalkwijk-Barendsen*, Smith(6), Redhead(6). 

Leucopaxillus albissimus  (Peck) Singer
CAP 4-10cm, convex to flattened; pure white, creamy white, or creamy tan; dry, unpolished, sometimes surface minutely scurfy or matted especially at center, margin may be ribbed and downy; flesh thick at disc, tough, resistant to decay, white. ODOR mild, sweet-spicy, pungent and unpleasant, or like rancid corn meal. TASTE mild to bitter.  GILLS adnate to short decurrent, crowded to subdistant, narrow to broad, sometimes forked, white to cream, sometimes spotted, sometimes becoming yellow. STEM 3-7 cm x 1-1.5cm at top, equal to club-shaped or with bulbous base, sometimes off-center; white; white; smooth to scurfy. FRUITING single or in groups, under conifers. DISTRIBUTION BC, WA, OR, ID. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 5.5-8.5 x 4-5.5 um, nearly round to broadly elliptic, with amyloid warts, few or no cystidia. REMARKS Singer and A.H. Smith described a number of varieties and forms in 1943. Of these, var. paradoxus is regarded by some authors as a separate species. It is said to have an odor like Tricholoma sulphureum (burned rubber gym shoes). Var. lentus forma typicus has sweet-spicy odor and bitter taste, var. lenta forma olympianus has odor like rancid corn meal and mildly rancid taste, and var. lentus forma furcatus has mild odor and taste. Var. piceinus has pungent, unpleasant odor and bitter taste, and gills that are deeply forked near stem and turn dark yellow with age. Var. lentus forma typicus and var. lentus var. furcatus are pure dull white and unchanging, but the others are white to buffy, bruising or darkening in age. Later, another whitish (unchanging) variety, var. monticola, was described which had aromatic odor, mild taste, and strongly forking gills. Two other large Pacific Northwest species of Leucopaxillus are described for the Pacific Northwest, L. septentrionalis Singer and A.H. Smith, and L. giganteus (Sowerby) Singer. Both were later included as Clitocybe species in Bigelow’s 1982 Clitocybe monograph. The information here on Leucopaxillus depends on a 1981 key to Leucopaxillus written by Judy Roger. SOURCES Singer(19), Singer(5).

Leucopaxillus gentianeus  (Quél.) Kotlaba
CAP 4-12 cm across, liver-chocolate to deep red brown, margin paler, convex with broad umbo, margin inrolled and deeply grooved, dry, roughened to slightly scaly surface; flesh whitish, firm. ODOR strong, like Tricholoma sulphureum (old gym shoes). TASTE bitter. GILLS white, often with reddish spots, close, attached, maybe toothed. STEM 4-6 x 1-4 cm, hollow, white, bruising red brown, with bulbous base. FRUITING under conifers, clustered. DISTRIBUTION BC, WA, OR, ID. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 4.3-6 x 3.7-5 um, subglobose, with isolated amyloid warts, cheilocystidia abundant, clavate-fusoid, forked. REMARKS Leucopaxillus amarus (Alb. & Schwein. ex Fr.) Kühner is said to be a misapplied name, but several varieties were described by Singer & A.H. Smith in 1943. This description is for var. typicus. Leucopaxillus amarus var. roseibrunneus can be found under conifers but is usually associated with alder: microscopically it has non-staining gills with abundant cheilocystidia that are cylindric-fusoid, flask-shaped or wavy.  Leucopaxillus amarus var. bicolor has less red tints in the brown cap (though pinkish near the margin), and is found only under conifers, usually fir. It has only scattered cylindric cheilocystidia. SOURCES Singer(19).

Leucopholiota decorosa  (Peck) O.K. Miller, Volk & Bessette 
CAP 2.5-6 cm, hemispherical when very young, becoming broadly convex and nearly flat at maturity, margin incurved and often remaining so at maturity; covered with numerous rusty brown pointed upcurved scales and fibers; dry; flesh firm, moderately thick, white. ODOR mild. TASTE mild or somewhat bitter. GILLS adnexed, close, moderate breadth, with several tiers of subgills; white; edges finely scalloped. STEM 2.5-7 x 0.6-1.2 cm, solid, equal or widening downward; white at top, sheathed up to a annular zone with rusty brown, pointed, upcurved scales and coarse fibers. VEIL partial veil flaring upward at first, consisting of coarse rusty brown fibers. FRUITING in groups or clustered, on decaying wood, typically hardwood. DISTRIBUTION found in northeastern North America, but reported from BC by Paul Kroeger. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 5-6 x 3.5-4 um, elliptic, smooth, amyloid, thin-walled; cheilocystidia clavate; cap cuticle consists of broad filamentous hyphae up to 24 um in diameter; clamps present. REMARKS It is recognized by pointed, recurved, rusty brown scales on cap and stem, white gills, white spore deposit, growth on decaying wood, and clavate cheilocystidia. Cystoderma species are somewhat similar but they typically grow on soil and have spherical cells in cap cuticle and partial veil; Armillaria species have inamyloid spores and rhizomorphs; Floccularia species lack the unique cap cuticle and are terrestrial; Pholiota species have brown spores. SOURCES Bessette(1)*.

Macrocystidia cucumis  (Pers. ex Fr.) Heim   cucumber-scented mushroom
CAP 1-5 cm, bell-shaped to conical when young, with small umbo; hygrophanous, dark brown to blackish to reddish-brown to orange-brown, the margin often abruptly paler, fading to buff; moist, smooth to velvety or silky; flesh brittle in cap, tough in stem. ODOR usually strong and fishy or reminiscent of cucumber. TASTE farinaceous. GILLS adnexed, close, broad; white or pale ocher or buff or pink; edges fringed minutely. STEM 2.5-5 x 0.2-0.4 cm, hollow, fibrous-brittle; similarly colored to cap, paler in upper part; dry, minutely velvety. FRUITING single to several in grassy areas, May to December. DISTRIBUTION at least BC, WA, OR, not uncommon. SPORE COLOR pinkish to ocher-brown to red-brown. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.5-10 x 4-5 um, elliptic, smooth; pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia large, 60-100 x 12-24 um, lanceolate; cap cuticle of repent, radial hyphae with membrane pigment; clamps present. REMARKS features include hygrophanous smooth to velvety cap that is dark brown to reddish brown to orange-brown often with abruptly paler margin, adnexed fringed gills that are white becoming pink, velvety stem colored as the cap, strong fishy-cucumber odor, pinkish to ocher-brown spore deposit, elliptic smooth spores, and large bulbous based lanceolate cystidia that occur on all surfaces. SOURCES Lincoff(2)*, Courtecuisse*, Arora, Hansen, Breitenbach(3)*, Stuntz(2).

Muscinupta laevis  (Fr.) Redhead, Lücking & Lawrey
CAP 0.2-2.0 cm, kidney-shaped, spathulate, or sometimes almost funnel-shaped, soft; white, only slightly discoloring with age; appressed silky tomentose becoming radially and concentrically grooved on drying with fringed margin; flesh thin. GILLS spore-bearing surface reduced to fine wrinkling or smooth; white. STEM 0.5-1.0 cm, reduced to a lateral strap-like extension of cap, or as a distinct attachment round in cross-section, rarely central; similarly colored to cap; bald. FRUITING on or amongst mosses and liverworts, especially Polytrichum. DISTRIBUTION reported from BC, WA, OR, ID. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 3-4 x 2-2.5 um, broadly elliptic, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled; pleurocystidia abundant, 35-50 x 4-4.5 um with long narrow neck 1.5-2 um broad, thin-walled, often colorless, often terminating in obtuse or somewhat enlarged apices, cheilocystidia similar to pleurocystidia, Moser gives length up to 20 um; clamps absent. REMARKS features include small kidney-shaped to spathulate or funnel-shaped white cap, slightly wrinkled or smooth spore bearing surface, short lateral stem, growth on moss, white spore deposit, and small spores. SOURCES Watling(2), Moser(1), Redhead(6), Lawrey(1).

Mythicomyces corneipes  (Fr.) Redhead & A.H. Sm. 
CAP 1-3 cm, obtusely conic with inrolled margin at first, becoming bellshaped or broadly convex, sometimes umbonate; hygrophanous, orange to orange-brown becoming yellowish brown, fading; moist, bald and polished, margin striate; flesh firm, watery orange brown fading to yellowish. GILLS adnate to adnexed and soon seceding, close, 2 tiers of subgills, broad; pallid to whitish becoming light yellowish gray brown. STEM 3-5.7 x 0.1-0.2 cm, equal or slightly enlarged at top, cartilaginous to horny; yellowish or pale orange or yellowish brown at top, dark reddish brown below and blackening from base upward; top faintly pruinose, base of stem sometimes with tawny hairs. VEIL none. ODOR mild to faintly geranium. TASTE mild or faintly bitter. FRUITING gregarious, along margins of bogs among mosses or on wet soil under conifers and alders. DISTRIBUTION BC, WA, OR, ID. SPORE COLOR pale purplish brown. MICROSTRUCTURES 6-8.5 x 4-5.5 um, oval to elliptic, often with one droplet, punctate under light microscope with short ridges and projections; pleurocystidia abundant, 43-86 x 10-24, walls up to 3 um thick and pale brown to colorless, fusoid-ventricose with obtuse apices which are sometimes incrusted with prominent colorless crystals; cheilocystidia similar but shorter, 37-46 x 10.5-14 um; clamps present. REMARKS features include hygrophanous orange-brown moist shiny striate cap, tawny to yellowish cap flesh, close broad gills that are pallid to whitish becoming brownish, shiny cartilaginous to horny stem that is yellowish to tawny, dark reddish brown below and blackening from base upward, tawny basal mycelium, pale purplish brown spore deposit, and microscopic characters including roughened spores and thick-walled cystidia; Stagnicola perplexa has milky coffee spore print instead of pale purplish brown, and has smooth spores and thin-walled cheilocystidia; similar to some Psilocybe species but rough spores and a combination of other unusual features: horny stem, tawny basal mycelium, relatively pale spore deposit, and lack of germ pore. SOURCES Redhead(14), Stamets, Arora, Smith(8)*.

Naucoria escharioides  (Fr. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.   brown alder mushroom
CAP 1-4 cm, convex, later expanded or with margin uplifted, may be umbonate; yellowish brown to reddish brown; slightly appressed fibrillose, then often smooth, moist at first, striate or not, GILLS crowded to subdistant; light brown, colored similarly to cap. STEM 1.5-4 x 0.1-0.4 cm, brittle, pale yellowish brown, turning darker at base; whitish fibrillose. VEIL makes stem somewhat white-silky. ODOR mild to strongly acidic. FRUITING under alder, especially in wet areas. DISTRIBUTION found at least BC (as Alnicola melinoides), OR (by Kauffman 1925, Ammirati 1986, as N. melinoides, according to Lorelei Norvell pers. comm). SPORE COLOR brownish. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 9-12 x 5-6.5 um, roughened; cheilocystidia 35-50 x 8-10 um, often with a bill-like extension, pleurocystidia presumably absent. REMARKS also known as Naucoria melinoides and Alnicola melinoides; N. alnetorum and N. bohemica have different cheilocystidia; other Naucoria species not included here occur in Pacific Northwest. SOURCES Hansen, Moser(1), Lincoff(2)*, Gamiet(1), Courtecuisse*.

Phaeolepiota aurea  (Matt. ex Fr.) Maire ex Konr.& Maubl.   gold-cap, golden false Pholiota
CAP 7-20 (30) cm, convex to bellshaped, expanding to blunt umbonate or nearly flat; light orange brown to yellow brown; dry, granular to bald (when old, most of the veil particles have weathered away); margin often hung with veil remnants; flesh moderately thick, firm, pallid or yellowish. ODOR mild to slightly pungent, or strong and aromatic. TASTE mild to slightly astringent (puckering the mouth). GILLS adnate to notched or free or with short decurrent tooth, close, moderately broad; pallid becoming colored as cap or darker. STEM 10-15 (25) x (1.5) 3-5 (6) cm, widening toward base, stuffed becoming hollow, more or less colored as cap though sometimes darker at top; dry, unpolished, smooth and bald above annulus, but below annulus sheathed with granular covering similar to that of cap; internal flesh whitish or somewhat streaked with orange down center. VEIL annulus membranous, colored like cap, granular on lower surface and smooth on upper surface, flaring upwards and outwards, finally hanging, then disappearing when very old. FRUITING in groups and clusters, on rich humus and soil, under hardwoods and conifers, on compost and leaf litter, often near the edges of roads under alder. DISTRIBUTION BC, WA, ID. SPORE COLOR light yellow-brown to orange-buff. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 10.7-13 (14) x 5-6 um, somewhat elliptic, smooth or some with minute markings, with one large central oil drop, wall thin and many spores collapsing, no germ pore; pleurocystidia absent or rarely clavate-mucronate and brownish in KOH, 26-30 x 7.5-8.5 um, cheilocystidia absent; clamps present. REMARKS no other large brown-spored mushroom is orange-brown to yellow-brown with a granular coating on both the cap and stem. SOURCES Smith(3), Arora, Phillips*, Lincoff(2)*, Lincoff(1)*, Ammirati*, Schalkwijk-Barendsen*, Courtecuisse*, Redhead(6), Breitenbach(4)*.

Phaeomarasmius erinaceus  (Fr.) Romagn.
CAP 0.5-1.4 cm, convex, often becoming flat on disc, or slightly depressed or umbonate; medium to dark rusty brown, dry, densely covered with fibrillose scales, the scales erect and nearly spine-like over the disc, toward the margin somewhat pressed down, the edge usually fringed with hanging fibrils; flesh thin, fleshy-tough, pallid to reddish brown. ODOR and TASTE mild. GILLS adnate, close to subdistant, often becoming broader in the middle, subgills in 2-3 tiers; whitish to orange brown. STEM 0.8-1.5 x 0.1-0.2 cm, equal or base somewhat enlarged, central to slightly off-center, pliant and tough, stuffed becoming hollow; pallid brownish in upper part, rusty reddish brown; lower part densely finely scaly, somewhat silky above the fringe left by the broken veil. FRUITING single to cespitose (tufted), on fallen or standing barked twigs and branches of hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION at least BC, WA. SPORE COLOR amberish-ochreous (Redhead), cinnamon color (Watling). MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.2-10.8 x 5.0-6.4 x 5-7.4 um, oval to almost rhomboid in face view, oval to obscurely almond-shaped in side view, smooth, apiculus minute, no germ pore, walls thin to pronounced; basidia 1-spored, 2-spored or 4-spored; cheilocystidia abundant, forming a sterile margin, 26-32 x 6.5-7 um, ventricose to fusoid basally, neck elongated, often undulating, mostly irregularly capitate or branched apically or subacute, colorless above, often brownish and some with walls thickened at base, occasionally with a loose wrinkled membrane over the apex; pleurocystidia scattered, 30-42 x 7-10 um, fusoid-ventricose with subacute apex, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, in some caps apparently absent; clamps regularly present. REMARKS recognized by small size, dark rusty brown color, cap with erect scales, and habitat; other species of Phaeomarasmius such as P. granulosus and P. erinaceellus may occur in the Pacific Northwest. SOURCES Redhead(26), Smith(3), Watling(3), Courtecuisse*, Redhead(6).

Pseudoarmillariella ectypoides  (Peck) Singer
CAP  2-6 cm across, umbilicate to funnel-shaped; yellow-brown to grayish; radially striate with darker brown to black fibrils and scales; moist; flesh yellowish. ODOR and TASTE  mild. GILLS decurrent, subdistant, narrow, sometimes forking; yellowish, sometimes with reddish brown stains when old. STEM  2.5-6 x 0.2-0.9 cm; cap-colored or paler, staining brownish where handled; smooth to slightly scurfy. FRUITING on decaying conifer wood, especially hemlock. DISTRIBUTION in the Pacific Northwest, at least BC and WA. SPORE COLOR  white. MICROSTRUCTURES  spores 6.5-9 x 3.5-5 um, elliptic, smooth, amyloids; pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia none; clamp connections present. SOURCES  Barron(1)*, Lincoff(2) (as Clitocybe)*, Bessette(2) (as Omphalina)*, Bigelow(10) (as Omphalina ectypoides)

Pseudobaeospora pillodii  (Quél.) S. Wasser
CAP 0.3-0.6 cm, convex with a small umbo; lilac to brownish violet; dry, silky, opaque, may be striate when moist; flesh fleshy, colored as cap. ODOR and TASTE mild. GILLS free to adnexed, crowded to subdistant, moderate breadth and broader in middle, subgills in 1 tier; dark lilac-brown. STEM 2.0-3.0 x 0.02-0.05 cm, equal with a tapered rooting base, cartilaginous; colored like cap becoming brown; sparsely covered with paler flecks. FRUITING rooting in soil under conifers or hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION at least BC. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 3.5-4 x 2.9-3.1 um, broadly elliptic to nearly round, smooth, a few dextrinoid, walls slightly thickened, no germ pore, usually one droplet; basidia 4-spored according to Redhead, 2-spored according to Hansen for Europe, pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia not mentioned; caulocystidia 25-35 x 9.5-10 um, fusoid to clavate, sometimes constricted centrally, thin-walled, collapsing readily, cap cuticle of radially repent hyphae, 5-25 um broad, with pale brown membrane pigment; clamps absent. REMARKS features include small size, lilac to brownish-violet umbonate dry cap, free to adnexed lilac brown gills, slender rooting stem colored as cap and with paler flecks, white spore deposit, and small elliptic to nearly round spores which are smooth and sometimes dextrinoid. SOURCES Redhead(30), Moser(1), Hansen, Redhead(5).

Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis  (Bull.:Fr.) Singer   the goblet  
CAP 2.5-8 cm, centrally depressed with inrolled margin becoming funnel-shaped or cup-shaped; hygrophanous, dark brown to dark gray-brown, fading when old to grayish or paler brown; bald when moist, somewhat fibrillose or hoary when fading, not viscid, margin often striate or at times grooved when moist; flesh thin, pallid or cap-colored. ODOR and TASTE mild. GILLS adnate but soon deeply decurrent, close to subdistant, narrow to moderately broad, occasionally forked, usually interveined and the faces often veined; pallid to grayish brown or pale brown. STEM 3-12 x 0.4-1 cm, off-center at times, equal or somewhat widened in lower part, usually curved, stuffed then hollow, finally compressed (flattened) and fluted; colored like cap or paler, bald when moist, brownish fibrillose streaked over a pallid ground when faded; base sometimes with white rhizomorphs. FRUITING single, scattered, gregarious, or subcespitose (somewhat tufted), usually on or near logs and stumps of conifers or hardwoods, sometimes on soil and humus. DISTRIBUTION BC, WA, OR, ID. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores (6.5) 7.5-10.5 (13) x (4) 5-6.5 (7.5) um, elliptic, smooth, inamyloid to very weakly amyloid (blackish to grayish in Melzer's); basidia usually 4-spored, occasionally 1- or 2-spored; pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia presumably absent; clamps absent. REMARKS features include depressed hygrophanous dark brown to dark gray brown non-viscid cap, decurrent close pallid gills which become grayish or grayish brown, stem colored as cap or paler, mild odor and taste, white spore deposit, and elliptic smooth amyloid spores; Cantharellula umbonata has a grayish to grayish brown cap that retains a small umbo, and crowded, narrow, whitish forked gills that stain reddish in age; Clitocybula atrialba is blackish brown with well-spaced gills, and has dark scurfy scales on stem; Pseudoclitocybe oregonensis is rare, pale sordid yellowish (“pale isabelline”) when moist, and the cap is not striate. Those species are described in Notes on Omphalinoid Species. SOURCES Bigelow(5), Arora*, Courtecuisse*, Barron*, Redhead(5), Breitenbach(3)*.

Pseudoclitocybe oregonensis  (Murrill) Singer
CAP up to 4 cm, depressed or funnel-shaped; hygrophanous, pale isabelline (pale dingy yellowish brown); bald; flesh thin. GILLS short decurrent, subdistant, narrow, arched; "(presumably concolorous with pileus) discolored on drying". STEM 5 cm long, 0.5 cm wide, widening downward to enlarged base, fleshy; colored as cap; smooth, bald. FRUITING type found on ground in mixed woods in the foothills of the Cascades at 800 and 1200 feet. DISTRIBUTION at least OR, rare. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.5-8.5 x 5.5-6 um, broadly elliptic, smooth, amyloid; basidia 2- and 4-spored; pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia presumably absent; clamps absent. REMARKS Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis is much more common, with dark brown to dark gray-brown cap when moist. SOURCES Bigelow(5).

Schizophyllum commune  Fr.   split-gill 
CAP 0.5-5 cm, fan-shaped; white to grayish-white, gray or sometimes brownish-gray when wet; dry, densely hairy; flesh tough, leathery to brittle, thin; light brownish or light grayish. ODOR mild, pleasant, sourish, like Heterobasidion annosum. TASTE pleasant. GILLS radiating from point of attachment, well-spaced, brittle, waxy; white to light brownish or light grayish; edges appearing split or grooved lengthwise. STEM absent or present only as narrowed basal point of attachment, up to 0.7 cm long and 0.3 cm wide, generally round in cross-section. FRUITING scattered or in groups, rows, or fused clusters, on hardwood sticks, stumps, logs, of a broad range of species. DISTRIBUTION BC, OR, WA, ID. SPORE COLOR white. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6-8 (9) x 2-2.4 (2.8) um, cylindric, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled; pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia not seen; basidia with clamps, some septa in cap cuticle with clamps. REMARKS features include fanshaped whitish hairy caps growing on hardwood and white gills with edges that appear split or grooved lengthwise. SOURCES Ginns(4), Ginns(5), Arora*, Phillips*, Lincoff(2)*, Lincoff(1)*, Schalkwijk-Barendsen*, Bessette(2)*, Barron*, Breitenbach(3)*.

Stagnicola perplexa  (Orton) Redhead & A.H. Sm.
CAP 0.4-2.5 cm, conic with incurved margin at first, becoming bellshaped to convex with prominent small umbo; brown on disc, orange-brown to yellowish toward margin, moist to lubricous, striate at margin when moist, silky when faded; flesh thin, colored as cap. ODOR mild. TASTE slightly to intensely bitter. GILLS narrowly adnate to narrowly adnexed, often seceding, close, 1-3 tiers of subgills, broader in middle; pallid olivaceous gray to honey-colored or cinnamon. STEM 1.5-4.5 x 0.09-2.0 cm, (but photographs do not show a thick stem), often tapered toward base and often curved, horny; reddish brown to black at base and paler toward top; bald, dull or with a luster, yellowish brown mycelium at base. FRUITING gregarious, on rotting plant remains (needles, leaves, twigs, bits of wood) in bogs, ditches and in drying temporary pools in coniferous forests. DISTRIBUTION at least BC, WA, ID, (according to Redhead), OR (collections by A.H. Smith, Bob Isaacs, according to Lorelei Norvell), rare. SPORE COLOR milky-coffee or pale gray brown. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 4.9-6.0 (6.4) x 3-3.8 (4.5) um, elliptic to vaguely kidney-shaped, smooth, inamyloid, often with 1 or 2 droplets, lacking germ pore, walls only slightly thickened; cheilocystidia abundant, but not always forming sterile margin, 25-54 x 5-7 um, cylindric to narrowly fusoid, sometimes forked or septate once, thin-walled, colorless, pleurocystidia lacking or present only near the gill edge and similar to cheilocystidia; clamps mentioned for basidia, stem hyphae, and basal mycelium; similar to Mythicomyces corneipes which has rough spores which are "benzo-brown" (a purplish brown) rather than milky-coffee in deposit, as well as microscopic differences in cystidia; somewhat like Phaeocollybias in appearance, but stem not rooting. SOURCES Redhead(14).

Stereopsis humphreyi  (Burt) Redhead & Reid
CAP single or rarely 2 or 3 per stem, 0.6-2.9cm wide, becoming kidney-shaped to funnel-shaped, cleft on one side to the stem, often with convoluted (markedly wavy) margins, membranous and soft; dull white on upper surface; dry, silky when young, nearly smooth to wrinkled, later most becoming obscurely zoned-ridged and often minutely floccose scaly or rough towards stem. SPORE-BEARING SURFACE surface on the underside of cap decurrent, demarcated from stem; creamy white; nearly smooth but sometimes when old with low radiating wrinkles or more prominent furrows. STEM 1-3cm x 0.1-0.3cm, stuffed to hollow, tough, pliant; white (but with age faintly cinnamon); velvety, a few bald except at base, base with hairs. FRUITING gregarious, on mossy needle beds, cones, twigs, fern fronds, and mosses, in coniferous forest. DISTRIBUTION at least BC, WA, (Redhead), OR (Lorelei Norvell, pers. comm.). MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.5-9 x 3.5-5.5 um, narrowly to broadly oval to elliptic, smooth, inamyloid, prominent oblique apiculus, walls thin to pronounced, mostly with one droplet; basidia (3-)4-spored; cystidia none; clamp connections present. REMARKS features include white dry fruitbody with kidney-shaped to funnel-shaped cap, often with convoluted margins, smooth or almost smooth spore-bearing surface underneath, and upright lateral stem. SOURCES Redhead(46).

Tapinella atrotomentosa  (Batsch) Sutara  (=Paxillus atrotomentosus)  velvet pax
CAP 4-15(20) cm across, convex becoming flat or centrally depressed, margin at first inrolled; yellowish brown to reddish brown becoming dull brown to blackish brown; dry, velvety becoming smoother; flesh thick, firm, whitish to yellowish, yellowish brown, or buff. GILLS close or crowded, usually decurrent, often forked or veined near stem; cream, tan, yellowish, or yellowish brown, dingy yellowish, staining brownish. STEM 2-9(12) cm x 1-3(5) cm, usually off-center or even lateral, solid, tough; brown to blackish brown, top may be paler; velvety. VEIL absent. ODOR mild to slightly fetid. TASTE mild to bitter or acrid. FRUITING single or in groups or tufts on conifer stumps or decayed wood of conifers or madrone, July to October. DISTRIBUTION BC, WA, OR, ID. SPORE COLOR yellowish to brownish , may have slight olive tint. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 4.4-6.5 x 3-4.5 um, elliptic, smooth, inamyloid or some dextrinoid. SOURCES Arora(1)*, Trudell*, Phillips*, Lincoff(1)*,  Breitenbach(3)*

Tapinella panuoides (Batsch) E.-J. Gilbert  (=Paxillus panuoides)  fan pax
CAP 1.5-7(10) cm across, petal-shaped to fan-shaped, margin often lobed and at first incurved; buff to dingy yellowish, yellow-brown, or olive-yellow; dry to moist, minutely downy becoming smooth; flesh thin, soft, whitish to yellowish brown. GILLS radiating from base of cap, close, often crimped and forked or cross-veined; pale or dingy yellowish to yellowish brown or pinkish buff. STEM absent or as a small, laterally attached base. VEIL absent. ODOR mild. TASTE mild to slightly bitter. FRUITING single or in groups or clusters on coniferous logs, stumps, and debris, timber, wood chips, or humus rich in wood breakdown products, May to November. DISTRIBUTION BC, WA, OR, ID. SPORE COLOR light brown to yellowish buff to brown or yellowish brown. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 4-6.5 x 3-4.5 um, elliptic, smooth, inamyloid or many dextrinoid. REMARKS The color of the spore deposit is helpful in distinguishing fruitbodies of similar shape (Panus, Panellus, Pleurotus, Lentinellus, Hohenbuehelia, Phyllotopsis), and the crimped, forked, veined gills are helpful too (Crepidotus). SOURCES Arora*, Bessette(2)*, Breitenbach(3)*, Trudell.

Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora  (Redhead) Horak
CAP 0.5-1.2 cm, circular to ear-shaped, convex; whitish; somewhat translucent, minutely hoary. GILLS pseudogills, anastomosing, up to 0.2 cm distant; white. STEM short lateral; gray; minutely hoary. FRUITING on grasses and Rubus canes in dense enclosing vegetation. DISTRIBUTION at least BC, OR, coastal, rarely collected. SPORE COLOR presumably whitish. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 8-10 x 6-7 um, triangular, pyramidal, or tetrahedron-like in shape, colorless, inamyloid, sometimes guttulate; tibiiform cystidia abundant on pseudogills. SOURCES Redhead(10), Redhead(6).

Tubaria confragosa  (Fr.) Kühner  ringed Tubaria 
CAP 1-5 cm, broadly convex to more or less flat or slightly uplifted; hygrophanous, brown to winy-brown or reddish-brown when moist, drying buff; moist or dry but not viscid, smooth or often appearing hoary at first (from thin layer of whitish fibrils or minute scales), especially toward margin, margin striate when moist; flesh thin, fragile, colored as cap. GILLS adnate to slightly decurrent, close; cinnamon to rusty-brown to reddish-cinnamon to brown. STEM 2-8 x 0.15-0.6 cm, equal or wider in lower part, soon hollow; colored like cap or paler, whitish and silky above annulus, usually brownish with fibrils or a few small scales below the annulus, base typically with white mycelial mat. VEIL usually forming a membranous, often flaring superior annulus, but sometimes disappearing or leaving only a fibrillose zone. FRUITING scattered or in groups or troops. on rotting logs, fallen branches, twigs, herbaceous stems, debris, sawdust, usually of hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION  BC, WA, OR. SPORE COLOR brown to dark reddish-cinnamon. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.5-9 x 4-6 um, elliptic, smooth; cheilocystidia abundant. REMARKS T. furfuracea is similar but lacks an annulus, is slightly smaller, and is less likely to be clustered. SOURCES Arora*, Lincoff(2)*, Courtecuisse*, Bessette(2)*, Barron*.

Tubaria furfuracea  (Pers. ex Fr.) Gillet   fringed Tubaria
CAP 1-3 (4) cm, convex becoming flat or slightly depressed, may have small umbo; hygrophanous, gray-brown to reddish-brown, cinnamon-brown, or tan when moist, fading to buff or whitish as it dries; smooth to finely fibrillose or often with minute flecks and patches, not viscid, margin striate when moist; flesh thin, brownish to pale pinkish brown. ODOR mild or faintly spicy or sourish. TASTE mild. GILLS adnate to slightly decurrent, close, broad; cream becoming pale yellowish brown to reddish brown. STEM 2-6 x 0.1-0.4 cm, equal or slightly wider in lower part, fragile; colored more or less as cap or paler; sometimes with whitish flecks, fibrillose, base usually with whitish mycelium. VEIL whitish, fibrillose, fleeting. FRUITING scattered to gregarious, on ground, sticks, and woody debris in wet places, in late fall (needs cool temperatures). DISTRIBUTION at least BC, WA. SPORE COLOR ocher-brown to pale ocher. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 6.5-9.3 x 4-5.5 um, elliptic to cylindric-elliptic, smooth, light yellow; pleurocystidia not seen, cheilocystidia 23-53 x 5-9 um, cylindric to somewhat lageniform or flexuous (curved both ways), occasionally subcapitate; clamps mentioned for cap cuticle and basidia. REMARKS T. confragosa is similar but usually forms a membranous superior annulus on stem, is slightly larger, and is more likely to be cespitose (tufted). The Tubaria species in the Pacific Northwest need more work: precise identification is difficult and distributions are uncertain. SOURCES Arora*, Phillips*, Lincoff(2)*, Schalkwijk-Barendsen*, Courtecuisse*, Bessette(2)*, Barron*, Breitenbach(4)*, Murrill(3).

Tubaria punicea  (A.H. Sm. & Hesler) Matheny, Ammirati, et P.-A. Moreau    Christmas Tubaria
CAP 1.0-5.0cm across, convex, disc at times with a low, blunt umbo; wine red to blood-red but shading lighter toward margin; dry, shiny, translucent striate at margin, when young covered by silky white veil, later finely fibrillose to smooth; flesh reddish brown. GILLS adnate to slightly decurrent, broad, moderately close; deep vinaceous becoming brown with a vinaceous tinge. STEM 1.5-9.0cm x 0.2-0.6cm, round in cross-section to compressed, at times slightly widened toward the base, wine-red with white base; covered with silky white veil when young, later fibrillose or twisted-fibrillose. VEIL when young the silky white veil shows on the cap and the stem. ODOR unremarkable. FRUITING on rotten wood or base of Arbutus menziesii (Pacific Madrone), typically in hollowed bases of large trees (sometimes damaged by fire); late fall or winter. DISTRIBUTION BC, OR, CA. SPORE COLOR cinnamon brown. MICROSTRUCTURES spores (6.5)7.0-10.0 x 4.0-6.0 um, slightly wider in face view, elliptic, smooth, thick-walled; pleurocystidia present only as scattered pseudocystidia, cheilocystidia in clusters on gill edge, (25)30-65(80) x 4-12(16) um, versiform, short clavate to ovate, 15-30 x 7-10 um, ventricose at the base with a long, narrow flexuous neck and subacute apex, utriform to dumbbell-shaped with enlarged apex as broad as the ventricose portion and rarely with a secondary septum in the constriction; clamp connections present. SOURCES Matheny(6), Smith(3)

Tubaria vinicolor  (Peck) Ammirati, Matheny, et Vellinga
CAP 1.0-5.0cm, conic-umbonate with incurved edge, expanding but margin remaining incurved; more or less hygrophanous, rich dark red, vinaceous, maroon red, or brighter red in places, cap edge sometimes pinkish vinaceous from veil fibrils; moist at first, almost velvety tomentose to matted fibrillose, bald when old, some veil fibrils near margin, and margin becoming somewhat striate; flesh somewhat fragile, colored as cap surface or duller; in stem dull reddish vinaceous. GILLS adnate to slightly decurrent, moderately crowded to subdistant, 20 reaching stem, up to 0.6cm broad, subgills 3-9 between neighboring gills; pink when becoming, darker red and browner; edges white-fringed. STEM 2.8-7.0cm x 0.25-0.5cm at top, base 0.55-0.7cm wide, cylindric to narrowly club-shaped, with a cortinate partial veil; pale pinkish vinaceous to pink, in lower part some areas more red from handling; longitudinally innately fibrillose to slightly striate, with white mycelium at the base, a few fibers remaining on mature stem where veil detaches. VEIL no ring, a few veil fibrils remaining on mature stem where veil detaches. ODOR and TASTE fungus-like, mild or astringent. FRUITING single, gregarious or cespitose in disturbed sites with introduced vegetation such as Eriobotrya japonica (Japanese plum). DISTRIBUTION at least WA. SPORE COLOR dark yellow brown to orange-brown. MICROSTRUCTURES spores 7.0-9.0 x 4.0-5.6(6.0) um, slightly wider in face view, elliptic, smooth, thick-walled., without germ pore; basidia (2)4-spored; pleurocystidia none, cheilocystidia in clusters on gill edge, 33-52 x 5.5-9.5 um, irregularly cylindric, widest at apex; clamp connections present. REMARKS Tubaria punicea is similar but occurs in hollowed bases of Arbutus in natural habitats. SOURCES Matheny(6)

AUTHORITIES AND SYNONYMS FOR DESCRIPTIONS

Bolbitius titubans  (Bull.) Fr.  Epicr. syst. mycol. (Upsaliae): 254 (1838) [1836-1838] 
Callistosporium luteo-olivaceum  (Berk. & Curt) Singer  Lloydia 89: 117. 1946; = Callistosporium luteofuscum  Singer;  = Callistosporium elaeodes  Bon;  = Callistosporium xanthophyllum  Bon;  = Callistosporium favrei  Singer;  = Callistosporium graminicolor  Lennox;  = Callistosporium psilocybe  Murrill & Singer in Singer
Cantharocybe gruberi  (A.H. Sm.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Sm.  Mycologia 65: 486. 1973;  Clitocybe gruberi  A.H. Sm.;  Laccaria gruberi  Singer
Catathelasma imperiale  (Fr.) Singer  Rev. Mycol. 5: 9. 1940
Catathelasma ventricosum  (Peck) Singer  
Clitocybula abundans  (Peck) Singer  Sydowia 15: 53. (1961) 1962;  Collybia abundans  (Peck) Sacc.;  Fayodia abundans  (Peck) Singer
Clitocybula atrialba  (Murrill) Singer  Sydowia 15: 53. (1961) 1962;  Clitocybe atrialba  Murrill;  Fayodia atrialba  (Murrill) Singer
Clitocybula familia  (Peck) Singer  Sydowia 15: 53. (1961) 1962;  Baeospora familia  (Peck) Singer;  Fayodia familia  (Peck) Singer
Clitocybula lacerata  (Scop.) Metrod  Rev. Mycol. (Paris) 17: 87. 1952;  Collybia lacerata  (Scop.) Gillet;  Fayodia lacerata  (Scop.) Singer
Clitocybula oculata  (Murrill) H.E. Bigelow  Mycologia 65: 1114. 1973;  Clitocybe oculata  Murrill;  Hydropus oculatus  (Murrill) Singer
Deconica caricicola  (P.D. Orton) Redhead  Index Fungorum 5: 1. 2012;  == Melanotus caricicola  (P.D. Orton) Guzman;  == Psilocybe caricicola  Orton
Deconica horizontalis  (Bull.) Noordel.  Ost. Z. Pilzk. 18: 199. 2009;  Melanotus horizontalis  (Bull.) P.D. Orton;  Melanotus textilis  Redhead & Kroeger  Mycologia 76(5): 868. 1984
Deconica phillipsii  (Berk. & Broome) Noordel. [as 'philipsii'], Ost. Z. Pilzk. 18: 199. 2009; ;  Melanotus phillipsii  (Berk. & Broome) Singer
Muscinupta laevis  (Fr.) Redhead, Lücking & Lawrey  Mycol. Res. 113(10): 1167. 2009; Cyphellostereum laeve (Fr.) D.A. Reid
Flammulina lupinicola  (Redhead & R.H. Petersen) C. Hahn  Mycol. bavarica 17: 12. 2016
Flammulina populicola  Redhead & R.H. Petersen  Mycotaxon 71: 288. 1999
Flammulina rossica  Redhead & R.H. Petersen  Mycotaxon 71: 290. 1999
Flammulina velutipes  (Curt.ex.Fr.) Singer;  Collybia velutipes  (Curt. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.
Heliocybe sulcata  (Berkeley) Redhead & Ginns  Trans. mycol. Soc. Japan 26: 359. 1985;  == Lentinus sulcatus  Berkeley
Leucopaxillus albissimus  (Peck) Singer
Leucopaxillus gentianeus  (Quel.) Kotlaba;  Leucopaxillus amarus  (Alb. & Schwein. ex Fr.) Kuehner (misapplied name)  
Leucopholiota decorosa  (Peck) O.K. Miller, Volk & Bessette;  Armillaria decorosa  (Peck) A.H. Sm. & Walters
Macrocystidia cucumis  (Pers. ex Fr.) Heim  Treballs del Museu de Ciencies Naturals el Barcelona 15: 127. 1934.
Mythicomyces corneipes  (Fr.) Redhead & A.H. Sm.  Can. J. Bot. 64: 643. 1986;  Psilocybe corneipes  (Fr.) Karsten
Naucoria escharioides  (Fr. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.;  Alnicola melinoides  (Bull.:Fr.) Kühner
Phaeolepiota aurea  (Matt. ex Fr.) Maire ex Konr. & Maubl.;  Pholiota aurea  (Fr.) P. Kumm.;  Togaria aurea  (Fr.) W.G. Smith;  Lepiota pyrenacea  Quél.
Phaeomarasmius erinaceus  (Fr.) Romagn.  Rev. Mycol. 2 (N.S.): 195. 1937;  Phaeomarasmius aridus  (Pers.) Singer;  Pholiota erinacea  (Fr.) Rea;  Naucoria badia  Murrill;  Crinipellis alnicola  Murrill
Pseudoarmillariella ectypoides  (Peck) Singer  Mycologia 48: 725. 1956;  Clitocybe ectypoides  (Peck) Sacc.;  Omphalina ectypoides  (Peck) H.E. Bigelow 
Pseudobaeospora pillodii  (Quél.) S. Wasser  Flora Fungorum RSS Ucrainicae, Basid. Agar., Acad. Sci. RSS UCR., Kiev. p.220. 1980;  Collybia pillodii  Quél.
Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis  (Bull.:Fr.) Singer;  Clitocybe cyathiformis  (Fr.) P. Kumm.;  Clitocybe poculum  (Peck) Saccardo;  Cantharellula cyathiformis  (Fr.) Singer;  Omphalia cyathiformis  (Fr.) Kühner & Romagn.
Schizophyllum commune  Fr.  Syst. Myc. 1: 330. 1821
Stagnicola perplexa  (Orton) Redhead & A.H. Sm.  Can. J. Bot. 64: 645. 1986;  Phaeocollybia perplexa  Orton
Stereopsis humphreyi  (Burt) Redhead & Reid  Can. J. Bot. 61: 3088. 1983;  == Craterellus humphreyi  Burt
Tapinella atrotomentosa  (Batsch) Sutara  Ceska Mykol. 46(1-2): 50. 1992;  Paxillus atrotomentosus  Fr.
Tapinella panuoides  (Batsch) E.-J. Gilbert  Les Livres du Mycologue Tome I-IV, Tom. III: Les Bolets: 68. 1931;  Paxillus panuoides  Fr.
Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora  (Redhead) Horak  Sydowia 39: 103. 1986;  Campanella subdendrophora  Redhead
Tubaria confragosa  (Fr.) Kühner
Tubaria furfuracea  (Pers. ex Fr.) Gillet
Tubaria vinicolor  (Peck) Ammirati, Matheny, et Vellinga  Mycologia 99: 580. 2007; Naucoria vinicolor Peck 1909.

GLOSSARY

abrupt - of the bulb at the base of a stem, flaring out suddenly from the stem thin, sterile margin
abruptly adnexed - see adnexed
adnate - referring to gills, attached to the stem without a notch, and usually implies broad attachment, the lower edge of the gill being attached at the line at which a straight gill edge would intersect the stem
adnexed - refers to gills that are narrowly attached to the stem: the gill edge curves gradually upward along the inner half of the gill and is attached to the stem by a narrow upper portion of the gill; if abruptly adnexed, gill edge curves abruptly upwards to stem but makes contact with stem in straight line (does not curve as in sinuate attachment)
agaric - mushroom with gills
amyloid - staining bluish to gray to black in Melzer's reagent
anastomose - join together to form a network
angular - 4 to 7 sided, with corners or angles
annulus - ring or collar of tissue on stem formed by ruptured of the veil that initially joins the stem to the cap edge
annular - pertaining to the annulus
apex, plural apices - top, highest part
apical - near top
apiculus - nipple-like projection; nipple-like projection on spore which corresponds to the area that was attached to the sterigma of the basidium
appressed - flattened down
appressed-fibrillose - with fibrils that are pressed down flat against surface
apud - indicates a name published by one author in the work of another
arched - forming an arch, curved or arc-like; of gills, means that the middle of the lower edge of the gill is higher than its ends, same as arcuate
atomate - a powdered surface consisting of minute shiny particles
bald - no warts or hairs, or raised scales, fibers or patches, same as glabrous and as used here equivalent to naked
basal - near the base
basidia - plural of basidium
basidiomycete - fungus belonging to Basidiomycetes
basidium, plural basidia - cell on which spores form in Basidiomycetes
bell-shaped - in the shape of a bell (like the Liberty bell), with rounded top and flaring lower edges
bolete - member of the Boletales, (related to Boletus, Suillus, Leccinum etc.) which have soft pores or gills easily detached from the underside of the cap
bracket - a fungus widely attached at right angle to a vertical surface of wood
breadth	- of gills, height of gill from cap attachment to edge
brittle - breaking easily, rigid and breaking with a snap; of stem, forms a sharp non-fibrous edge when broken
broad - when used of gills, refers to the height (depth) of the gill, which may be narrow, moderately broad or broad
buff - a pale yellow toned with gray-brown, i.e. a dingy yellowish brown or very pale tan
bulb - a part shaped like the underground part of an onion or daffodil or similar plant
bulbous - having a bulb or bulging area; of stem, with an enlarged base
button - young fruiting body before it has opened up
cantharelloid - resembling the genus Cantharellus, with veins or folds not gills on the spore-bearing surface
capitate - with a head or cap, abruptly enlarged at top
cartilaginous - of tissue, tough, like cartilage, not fibrous; of stems: firm, tough and pliant (flexible), sometimes used even of fragile stems and implying brittle, not pliant
caulocystidium, plural caulocystidia - sterile cell located on the stem
cellular - composed of rounded cells, not threadlike ones
cespitose - growing in tufts or close clusters from a common base, but not grown together
cheilocystidium, plural cheilocystidia - sterile cell located on the edge of the gill
chlamydospores - thick-walled asexual spores formed by breaking up of hyphae
cilium, plural cilia - hair-like outgrowth
ciliate - having a fringe of hair-like ciliae; appearing fringed
cinnamon - a light brown with a little pink
clamp - clamp connection, a small tubular elbow-like bypass across the walls between fungal cells
clavate - like a caveman's club; when used of stems, implies base is thicker and stem tapers upward; when used of cystidia, implies part that extends outward beyond the hymenium is thicker, same as club-shaped
clay-colored - dull ochraceous-cinnamon brown
close - of gill spacing, nearly touching but with visible space between, intermediate between crowded and distant, the order being crowded, (subcrowded), (subclose), close, subdistant, distant
clustered - growing together, either very close or from a common base
collybioid - resembling in general form a mushroom of the genus Collybia in the former sense that included Rhodocollybia and Gymnopus, typically with expanded caps (convex to broadly convex to flat) often with downcurved to incurved margin, cartilaginous or brittle stems not more than two or three times in length the diameter of the caps, without annulus
compressed - of a stem, elliptical to flattened in cross section
concentric - having rings or circular zones
concolorous - having the same color
confluent - going towards the same point
conic - shaped like a cone
conical - shaped like a cone
conifer - cone-bearing tree
contorted - twisted out of normal shape
convex - regularly rounded, domed, like an inverted bowl
convoluted - intricately folded, twisted, or coiled
corrugated - shaped into alternating ridges and grooves
cortina - a web-like or silky veil extending from the cap margin to the stem in young mushrooms of certain species, soon disappearing or leaving remnants on stem or cap margin
cortinate - with a cortina, weblike
cracked - surface having split in some way
crimped - compressed into small folds
crowded - of gill spacing, very close, touching or with almost no space between, the order being crowded, (subcrowded), (subclose), close, subdistant, distant
cuticle - the cap skin or surface layer of cells; same as pellis, and thought by some to be incorrectly used in this situation as it refers in botany to the waxy surface of certain leaves
cylindric - of the same diameter throughout its length; of stem, terete (not compressed); of spores, according to one set of criteria ratio of length to width 2-3: less would be oblong, more would be bacciliform
cystidium, plural cystidia - a sterile cell frequently of distinctive shape, at any surface of a fruiting body, classified by 1) position: pileocystidium (cap), pleurocystidium (gill face), cheilocystidium (gill edge), caulocystidium (stem), 2) form: leptocystidium (smooth, thin-walled, without discernible contents), lamprocystidium (thick-walled), metuloid (thick-walled encrusted), 3) contents: chrysocystidium (like leptocystidium but with highly staining contents), gloeocystidium (thin-walled, usually irregular, contents colorless or yellowish and highly refractile) etc., 4) origin: pseudocystidia (derived from a conducting element, oily contents), macrocystidium (arising deep in the flesh of Lactarius or Russula), 5) often further described by shape
debarked - of dead wood without the bark, same as decorticated
decorticated - of dead wood without the bark
decurrent - refers to gills or pores that run down the stem, in the case of gills, the attachment at stem is wider than average height of gill
depressed - of cap, having the middle lower than the edge; of gills, sinuate; depressed adnate refers to an adnate gill with a portion of the gill lower than its outer edge
dextrinoid - staining yellowish brown or reddish brown in Melzer's reagent
dichotomous - repeatedly dividing or forking in pairs
differentiated - developed so as to be different from surrounding cells; of cystidia, distinguishable from surrounding cells
disc - center of the cap
distant - of gill spacing, meaning the gills are spaced far apart, the order being crowded, (subcrowded), (subclose), close, subdistant, distant
dry - surface not sticky or slimy or hygrophanous, feeling as if there is no moisture on surface
earth-brown - a vaguely defined color referring to the color of soil
elastic - springing back to its original shape
elliptic - like an oblong circle, referring to the outline (as opposed to the three dimensional shape) of a spore, according to one set of criteria, ratio of length to width is 1.15-1.60
elongate - of spores, same as oblong, at least according to one definition
embedded - of cells in the spore bearing surface, arising deep within that surface, or not protruding from it
equal - of a stem, the same diameter throughout its length, cylindric; of gill, broad (high) to same extent throughout length or alike in length
eroded - of the margins of cap or gills, developing irregular jagged edges as a result of deterioration, irregularly broken
even - of cap margin, means not wavy or lobed; of gill edges, means not toothed, eroded, fringed etc; of surface of cap, stem or spores means without striations, elevations or depressions
ex - from, first published validly by second author
expanding - of cap, spreading out as it develops
face - of gills, the side as opposed to the edge (margin)
farinaceous - of odor, with the smell of fresh ground meal from whole grain, especially wheat, same as mealy; of texture, mealy, with a loose powdery appearance
ferrous sulphate - a chemical used to test for color changes in certain fungal groups such as Russula, Pholiota and Ramaria
fibrillose - composed of delicate fibers (fibrils) which are long and evenly arranged on the surface
fibrillose-scaly - composed of fibrils and scales
fibril - thin thread-like fiber
fibrous - composed of tough, stringlike tissue
filamentous - composed of hyphae (threadlike cells); thin and threadlike in shape
flat-convex - convex in shape but somewhat flattened
flat-depressed - generally flattened but somewhat depressed toward the center of the cap
fleeting - quickly disappearing, used here as equivalent to evanescent or fugacious
flesh - the tissue of cap or stem, not including the surface, often referred to as the context, a term here used in discussing the microscopic examination
fleshy - soft as opposed to tough; having significant substance
flexuous - of the stem, or of cystidia, curved alternately in opposite directions
floccose - with easily removed cottony or woolly tufts; woolly or cottony; having the appearance of cotton flannel; with a soft cottony texture
fluted - of stem, with longitudinal ridges
forking - of gills, dividing into two or more branches as they go away from stem
free - refers to gills that are not attached to stem
fringed - with a border of parallel threads or fibers, so that the edge is somewhat jagged and not smooth
fruitbody - the whole reproductive structure of a mushroom including cap, stem, and spore-bearing surface
furfuraceous - scurfy, surface covered with branlike particles resembling scales, coarser than granular
fuscous - color of a very dark storm cloud: variously described as combinations of gray, brown, purple, or black
fusoid - somewhat spindle-shaped, almost spindle-shaped or fusiform
fusoid-ventricose - tapered toward both ends but distinctly enlarged in the middle
gelatinize - become gelatinous
gelatinous - jelly-like in consistency or appearance; applied to tissue whose hyphae become partially dissolved and glutinous in wet weather and when mounted in water under the microscope appear more transparent and wider, loosening from one another
glutinous - slimy, having a highly viscid gelatinous layer, more than viscid
greasy - slippery or oily but not viscid (sticky) or slimy, same as lubricous
gregarious - growing in close groups but not tufted or clustered
group - of fruitbodies, a cluster of fungi growing close to each other but not attached; when applied to the Latin name of a fungus, of taxonomically related similar species typified by a particular species, as in Inocybe lanuginosa group
guttulate - of spores, containing an oil droplet or droplets
habit - description of the way that fruitbodies grow in relation to each other; may also describe the general external and characteristic appearance of fruitbodies
habitat - the natural place of growth
hairy - covered by an arrangement of fibrils or mycelial strands resembling hairs
hardwood - any tree that is not a conifer
herbaceous - said of those flowering plants that die annually at least down to the roots (i.e. non-woody flowering plants)
hirsute - covered with long stiff hairs
hispid - covered with long rough hairs or bristles, coarser or stiffer than hirsute
hoary - covered with dense silky down; canescent; with a silvery sheen as if covered with frost
hollow - of stem, having the flesh empty of fibrils, as opposed to solid or stuffed
horny - hard and brittle in texture, homogeneous in texture and difficult to section
humus - decaying organic material in or on soil
hydnoid - with teeth on the spore-bearing surface
hygrophanous - cap surface changing color markedly as it dries, usually having a water-soaked appearance when wet and turning a lighter opaque color on drying, often with a clear demarcation
hymeniform - resembling a hymenium in form
hypha, plural hyphae - thread-like fungal cell
hyphal - pertaining to a hypha
inamyloid - remaining clear or becoming yellow in Melzer's reagent, not amyloid or dextrinoid
incrusted - covered with a thin, hard crust; of hyphae, with matter located on their outer wall; of cystidia, covered with crystalline or amorphous deposit, particularly at the top
incurved - of cap margin, curved inwards toward stem, but less than inrolled
innate - usually of fibrils of scales, meaning that they are not raised from the surface or readily removed from it
inrolled - of cap margin, rolled inwards so that the edge of the margin is actually points toward gills
insititious - of stem, devoid or any fibrils or hyphae at point of attachment to substrate
interveined - of gills, connected by "veins" (ridges) that run between gills
KOH - potassium hydroxide, an agent commonly used to revive dried mushroom material, or show chemical reactions on the surface of the mushroom, or chemical reactions under the microscope
lacerate - irregularly torn
lageniform - of cystidia, swollen at the base with the middle and top part tapered into a long beak, like a gourd, therefore gourd-like
lanceolate - like a lance, many times longer than broad, and tapering
lateral - of a stem, attached to the side of the cap
lecythiform - of cystidia, wide at base with middle tapered into narrow neck and top swollen into a head, like a bowling pin (lecythiform refers to a Greek stoppered bottle)
lens - a hand magnifying glass
lepiotoid - resembling the genus Lepiota
lobed - with rather large, rounded divisions on the margin
long-decurrent - with the gills extending a long way down the stem
lubricous - used sometimes to mean greasy or slippery but not viscid or slimy; sometimes used to mean slimy
marasmioid - resembling the genus Marasmius
margin - the edge of the cap or gills
marginate - having a distinct margin: when discussing gills the edge has a different color; when discussing the bulb on a stem indicates a flange (circular ridge) at the top of the bulb
median - of a ring, near the middle of stem
membranous - like a membrane or skinlike or somewhat like bathroom tissue
micaceous - like flecks of mica
mild - not with distinctly marked quality
mixed - referring to forests containing both conifer and broadleaved trees
monocot - flowering plant belonging to Monocotyledoneae, including grasses, rushes, sedges, lilies, palms
mottled - spotted, as in the uneven ripening of spores on gills in the genus Panaeolus
mycelial - consisting of mycelium
mycelium - network of fungal cells extending into the substrate and massing together to form fruitbody; basal mycelium may appear at the base of the stem in a form similar to what occurs in the substrate 
mycenoid - resembling the genus Mycena, cap conic to bell-shaped, gills not usually decurrent, stem cartilaginous to fragile, without annulus
narrow - of gills, the opposite of broad, refers to the height of the gill, which may be narrow, moderately broad or broad
nodulose - of spores, covered with bumps
notched - refers to gills that are uncinate or sinuate (or sometimes also to gills that are abruptly adnexed), as if a wedge of gill had been removed near the stem: if the line of the bottom edge of the gill curves down sharply, gills are uncinate, if it curves gradually toward the stem reaching it more or less horizontally, gills are sinuate
oblong - of spores, elongated with approximately parallel sides; according to one set of criteria, ratio of length to width is 1.6-2: shorter would be elliptic and longer cylindric
oboval - oval with narrower end closer to the attachment
obtuse - blunt, not pointed
ocher - between warm buff and yellow, to brownish orange
ochraceous - ochre-yellowish, yellow-orange with a brownish tinge
olivaceous - olive gray-brown; with an olive shade
omphalinoid - resembling the traditional genus Omphalina, smaller mushroom with depressed cap center, decurrent gills, and cartilaginous stem
opaque - not transparent or translucent, often used of cap margin where gills do not show through as striations
oval - like the outline of an egg
ovate - similar to oval but some regard as more pointed at the narrower end
pallid - very pale in color, almost a dull whitish
papilla, plural papillae - small nipple-like protuberance
papillate - with small nipple-like protuberance(s)
parabolic - of cap, with the height greater than the width, the top rounded
partial veil - inner veil of tissue which joins the stem to the cap edge at first in some species of mushrooms, and often breaks to leave a ring (annulus) on stem and remnants hanging from the cap margin
PDAB - a solution of p-diaminobenzaldehyde in 70% ethanol
pedicellate - of cystidia, with a slender stalk
pellicle - an upper surface layer on cap surface that can undergo gelatinization, making the cap viscid (sticky) to the touch; often it can be peeled away from the cap, may be thought of as covering the cuticle; same as cuticle or as thinner and more definite
pers. comm. - personal communication
pileocystidium or pilocystidium (plural pileocystidia, pilocystidia) - cystidia occurring on surface of cap
pileus - cap of a mushroom
pleurocystidium (plural pleurocystidia) - a sterile cell (cystidium) located on the face (side) of a gill
pleurotoid - resembling in general form the genus Pleurotus, may be applied to any gilled mushroom either without a stem or with a stem attached in a lateral or off-center manner
pliant - being pliable without breaking, flexible, not rigid or firm
pruinose - looking finely powdered or finely granular
pseudocystidia (plural pseudocystidia) - cystidium-like cell derived from a conducting element, embedded or not projecting
pseudogills - gill-like structures on spore-bearing surface
punctate - marked with dots consisting of hollows, depressions, spots, raised-joined scales, or agglutinated fibrils, all very small
recurved - curved back: when used of cap margin or scales means curved back upward
refractive - of hyphal or cystidial contents, light-deflecting
repent - of hyphae, prostrate, lying flat
reviving - said of fruiting body which shrivels in dry weather or when dried and takes on its natural shape when wet
rhizomorph - cordlike strand of twisted hyphae present around base of stem, often dark colored
rhomboid - having or nearly having the shape of a rhombus; a parallelogram with angles that are not right angles, and unequal adjacent sides
ring - annulus, collar of tissue on stem formed by ruptured of the veil that initially joins the stem to the cap edge
rudimentary - underdeveloped, not mature
rust - fungus belonging to Uredinales, an order containing many fungi that cause diseases of cereal crops
saccharine - very sweet or sugarlike
scabrous - roughened by short projecting rigid scales
scale - piece of tissue on surface that is not especially elongated, differentiated from surface by color or by projecting from it
scalloped - edged with small rounded lobes
scaly - with scales
scattered - growing with other fruitbodies but at a greater distance from each other than would be considered gregarious
sclerotium - a knot or firm frequently rounded mass of hyphae, usually underground, sometimes giving rise to mycelium or a fruiting body
scurfy - surface covered with branlike particles resembling scales, same as furfuraceous
seceding - refers to gills that have separated in their attachment to the stem and have the appearance of being free, often leaving longitudinal lines on the stem where the gills were once connected
sensu - in the sense of
separable - said of stem or gill easily removed from cap
septate - partitioned with cross-walls
sequestrate - describes fruiting bodies that have evolved from those that forcibly discharge spores to a closed or underground form in which spores are retained until it decays or is eaten by an animal, the word 'sequestrate' referring to spores which have been sequestered (hidden). 
serrate - saw-toothed to almost ragged
sessile - lacking a stem
sheathlike - of an annulus, clinging to the stem and opening upwards
short-decurrent - with the gills extending only a short distance down the stem
siderophilous - of basidia, with granules that darken when heated in acetocarmine
sinuate - of gill attachment, refers to gills with a lower edge that curves up close to the stem then curves back to reach the stem more or less horizontally
slimy - having a thick layer of slime, more than viscid
smooth - of a surface, without projections; of spores or cystidia, not spiny or warty or rough or ridged
smut - member of Ustilaginales, an order which includes fungi pathogenic to cereal crops
solid - not hollow; feeling hard
spathulate - shaped like a spatula or spoon, oblong with a narrowing base
spermatic - resembling the odor of human sperm or semen
sphaeropedunculate - spherical with a short stem
spindle-shaped - narrowing  evenly from middle to both ends
spine	- long slender sharp projection
spore - reproductive cell or "seed" of a fungus, produced on specialized cells, which in gilled mushrooms are usually basidiospores on the gills
spore print or spore deposit - a visible deposit of spores in the natural situation or obtained by allowing a gilled mushroom to drop spores onto white paper for a few hours or overnight 
stature - characteristic shape
stem - the column supporting the cap in most mushrooms, more correctly called the stipe
sterile - not producing spores
streaked - having faint lines or bands, used when appressed fibrils appear like bands or faint lines
striate - marked with lines usually radiating on cap and more prominent near margin when moist, or parallel vertical on stem
strigose - having long stiff hairs
stuffed - containing loose material in the interior, not hollow or solid
sub-  - a prefix attached to many terms to mean near, nearly, more or less, somewhat, slightly; below or under 
subdecurrent - of gills, meaning short decurrent or nearly decurrent or somewhat decurrent (i.e. intermediate between adnate and decurrent, when attachment extends slightly further down stem than when adnate)
subdistant - of gill spacing, intermediate between close and distant, the order being crowded, (subcrowded), (subclose), close, subdistant, distant
subgills - the short gills that do not span the entire distance from margin to stem, also called lamellulae
substrate - the material that a fungus is growing on and in
subviscid - slightly sticky, thinly viscid
superior - of an annulus, forming on the upper part of the stem
suprapellis - the outermost layer of the pellis
synonym - another name for the same species, especially an earlier or illegitimate name not currently used for the species
tan - leather-colored, similar to undressed leather
tawny - approximately the color of a lion, between yellow brown and rusty brown; used by some as more orange, fox-colored
terrestrial - appearing to grow from the ground, or on the ground, as opposed to growing on wood
thick - term used for width of stem, depth of cap flesh, or the distance between the faces of one gill
tibiiform - of cystidia, somewhat ventricose (wider in middle) with long narrow neck and apex swollen into a head, supposedly like the tibia bone
tier - in reference to subgills, group of subgills, interspersed with gills usually at regular intervals, each tier being of roughly a certain length
tissue - a group of hyphae which are similar in shape or form
tobacco-brown - the color of tobacco as it is found in  a cigar or cigarette
tomentose - covered with soft hairs, often soft densely matted hairs, like a woollen blanket
tomentum - a covering of densely matted woolly hairs
toothed - serrate on the edges; toothlike on the edges; of gills, with toothlike edges or decurrent by a short tooth
tough - strong, able to resist stress
trama - the tissue under the surface cell layers of cap, stem, or gills, or between the tube wall layers of polypores, usually referring to the flesh (context) as seen through the compound microscope
translucent - transmitting light diffusely, semitransparent
troops - hundreds to even thousands of fruiting bodies growing within a few square yards
tufted - as used here, the same as cespitose; may also be used to mean a small cluster or stems clustered with a common base
type - the element on which the descriptive matter fulfilling the conditions of valid publication of a scientific name is based; in the case of mushroom species, the collection of fruiting bodies from which the original concept of the taxonomic group (e.g. family, genus, species, variety, etc.) is derived
um - abbreviation for micrometer (micron), which is a thousandth of a millimeter
umber - a deep dull dark brown, smoky brown; earth brown sometimes with a very slight reddish tinge
umbilicate - refers to a cap with a narrow, moderate to deep depression in center which may or may not have a small umbo in the bottom
umbo - a raised knob or mound at the center of the cap
umbonate - having a raised knob or mound at the center of the cap
uncinate - refers to gills with a lower edge that curves up as it comes close to the stem, then abruptly curved down to leave a "tooth" on stem, not proceeding further down stem than the imaginary line running straight along the lower gill edge to the stem, but sometimes used as equivalent to "decurrent with tooth"
undulating - wavy
uplifted - the margin of the cap turning upward
veil - referring either to the partial veil which joins the stem to the cap edge at first, and often breaks to leave a ring on stem and remnants hanging from the cap margin, or the universal veil which initially covers the whole fruiting body including the top of the cap, always breaking and sometimes leaving fragments on the cap or the stem, or a volva at the base of the stem
vein - thick blunt shallow fold on spore-bearing surface that may look somewhat gill-like if prominent; small folds on the faces of gills or between them; any vein-like structure
ventricose - wider in the middle
verrucose - with warts; or with outgrowths smaller than if warted but larger than if verruculose (as used here, warty includes verrucose and verruculose)
vinaceous - the color of red wine or red wine stains; a paler or grayish red; dull pinkish brown to dull grayish purple
violaceous - of some violet hue
virgate - markedly streaked or striate, usually with dark-colored groups of fibrils, giving the appearance of bearing many small twigs
viscid - sticky but not slimy or lubricous: the mushroom usually feels somewhat slimy or slippery when wet but when dry may need to be wetted slightly to feel sticky; sometimes used to include slimy
volva - the remains of the universal veil found at the base of the stem, usually in the form of a sac, collar or concentric rings
volvate - with a volva
wart - bumpy outgrowth found on caps, stems, and spores, which on caps and stems is generally somewhat wider than high 
winy	 - the color of red wine or red wine stains; a paler or grayish red; dull pinkish brown to dull grayish purple; here used as equivalent to vinaceous
zonate - with circular bands or layers of differing colors or ornamentation
zoned - same as zonate

REFERENCES

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INDEX

GENUS AND SPECIES	KEY ENTRIES	

BOLBITIUS  Fr.	504, 856, 960	 
	B. titubans  (Bull.) Fr.		 

CALLISTOSPORIUM  Singer
	C. luteo-olivaceum  (Berk. & Curt.) Singer	832	 

CANTHAROCYBE   H.E. Bigelow & A.H.Sm.
	C. gruberi  (A.H.Sm.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H.Sm.	742	 

CATATHELASMA  Lovejoy	316	
 	C. imperiale  (Fr.) Singer		 
	C. ventricosum  (Peck) Singer		 

CLITOCYBULA  (Singer) Metrod	717, 740, 833	 
	C. abundans  (Peck) Singer		 
	C. atrialba  (Murrill) Singer		 
	C. familia  (Peck) Singer		 
	C. lacerata  (Scop.) Metrod		 
	C. oculata  (Murrill) H.E. Bigelow		 

DECONICA  (W.G. Sm.) P. Karst.	109	 
	D. caricicola  (Orton) Guzmán	871, 875	 
	D. horizontalis  Bull.:Fr.		 
	D. phillipsii  (Berk. & Broome) Noordel.

FLAMMULINA  P. Karst.	831, 910	 
	F. lupinicola (Redhead & R.H. Petersen) C. Hahn  		 
	F. populicola Redhead & R.H. Petersen		 
	F. rossica  Redhead & R.H. Petersen		 
	F. velutipes  (Curt. ex Fr.) Singer		 

HELIOCYBE  Redhead & Ginns
	H. sulcata  (Berkeley) Redhead & Ginns	702	 

LEUCOPAXILLUS  Boursier	740, 919	 	
	L. albissimus  (Peck) Singer		 
	L. gentianeus (Quél.) Kotlaba  		 

LEUCOPHOLIOTA  (Romagn.) O.K. Mill., T.J. Volk & Bessette
	L. decorosa  (Peck) O.K. Miller, T.J. Volk & Bessette	352	 

MACROCYSTIDIA  Joss.
	M. cucumis  (Pers. ex Fr.) Heim	834, 844, 848, 861	 

MUSCINUPTA  Redhead, Lücking & Lawrey
	M. laevis  (Fr.) Redhead, Lücking & Lawrey	10	 

MYTHICOMYCES  Redhead & A.H.Sm.
	M. corneipes  (Fr.) Redhead & A.H. Sm.	876	 

NAUCORIA  (Fr.) P. Kumm.	354, 867, 872	 
	N. escharioides  (Fr. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.		 

PHAEOLEPIOTA  Maire ex Konrad & Maubl.
	P. aurea  (Matt. ex Fr.) Maire ex Konr.& Maubl.	305, 330	 

PHAEOMARASMIUS  Scherff.	110, 337, 858	 
	P. erinaceus  (Fr.) Romagn.		  

PSEUDOBAEOSPORA  Singer
	P. pillodii  (Quél.) S. Wasser	511	 

PSEUDOARMILLARIELLA (Singer) Singer
	P. ectypoides  (Peck) Singer	715a

PSEUDOCLITOCYBE  (Singer) Singer
	P. cyathiformis  (Bull.:Fr.) Singer	609, 726, 744	 

SCHIZOPHYLLUM  Fr.	102	 
	S. commune  Fr.		 

STAGNICOLA  Redhead & A.H.Sm.
	S. perplexa  (Orton) Redhead & A.H. Sm.	855, 864	 

STEREOPSIS  D.A. Reid
	S. humphreyi  (Burt) Redhead & D.A. Reid	9	 

TETRAPYRGOS  E. Horak	116	 
	T. subdendrophora  (Redhead) Horak		 

TAPINELLA  E.-J. Gilbert
	T. atrotomentosa   (Batsch) Šutara		  
	T. panuoides  (Batsch) E.-J. Gilbert		 

TUBARIA  (W.G.Sm.) Gillet	322, 707, 863	 
	T. confragosa  (Fr.) Kühner		 	
	T. furfuracea  (Pers. ex Fr.) Gillet		 
	T. punicea  (A.H. Sm. & Hesler) Matheny, Ammirati, et P.-A. Moreau	 
	T. vinicolor  (Peck) Ammirati, Matheny, et Vellinga		  

- END -